Pond evaluation and upgrading in Mexico

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Escalante ◽  
G. Moeller ◽  
A. Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
The State ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Pond System ◽  
In Series ◽  
Southern Central

Half of the wastewater facilities constructed in Mexico for wastewater treatment and projected to be constructed in the next ten years, are waste stabilisation pond systems. The existing facilities have several problems in their operation. A national programme was developed by federal and local authorities responsible for sanitation and treatment for the monitoring and evaluation of the existing pond systems. The aim of the programme was the monitoring and evaluation of pond performance and effluent quality of a number of waste stabilisation ponds systems in different regions in Mexico and to upgrade and expand them if necessary. The programme was developed during 1998 and the specific sites selected were distributed within the country in the southern, central and northern part of Mexico. The evaluation of the specific ponds led to the production of a series of case studies on the various pond systems selected, that were discussed and jointly developed with local technicians in charge of the operation of the facilities. The case studies developed were: Gómez Portugal pond system located in the state of Aguascalientes, constituted by a baffled facultative pond; Guadalupe Victoria pond system located inthe State of Durango and constituted by a primary facultative, a secondary facultative and a third facultative pond; La Reforma pond system in Sinaloa, with two facultative ponds in series; González Ortega pond system in the State of Baja California Norte, with four anaerobic and four facultative ponds, and Chapilla pond system, located in the state of Chiapas. Plant effluents are intended for several purposes: irrigation and for discharge into receiving bodies. Effluent quality complies only with BOD limits, but not with microbiological limits established in national standards. For each pond, an upgrading plan is presented to comply with microbiological standards for discharge or for its use in irrigation.

Waste stabilisation ponds upgrading at Blenheim and Seddon, New Zealand - case studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
H.E. Archer ◽  
S.A. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Bank Protection ◽  
In Series ◽  
Final Effluent

Waste stabilisation ponds (WSP) have been a popular form of wastewater treatment in New Zealand both for large cities and small communities. Most WSP were constructed from 1960 to 1985 and were single ponds or a primary and secondary pond in series of similar size. Since 1995, improvements comprising primary and maturation ponds, with four to six cells in series have been constructed or retrofitted to original two cell ponds. The Seddon and Blenheim ponds include in-bank rock filters between maturation cells as a lower cost way of providing this feature for reduction of solids. Operating results show reduced variability in final effluent quality for BOD and SS. In addition, very good reductions of faecal coliform and enterococci have been achieved along with good reductions of ammonia and total nitrogen for most of the year except the middle of winter. Extensive use of rock as rip-rap bank protection and in the rock filters, appears to have provided sufficient extra surface area for a nitrifying biofilm to develop.

Investigations of Effluent Quality of Cha-Am Municipality Wastewater Treatment Pond System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanha But ◽  
◽  
Ranjna Jindal ◽  
Nawatch Surinkul ◽  
Kim N. Irvine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Pond System

Improving nitrogen reduction in waste stabilisation ponds

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.E. Archer ◽  
B.M. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Bank Protection ◽  
In Series

This paper reviews the performance of two waste stablisation ponds (WSP) systems in the South Island of New Zealand that have been upgraded to multiple ponds-in-series to improve effluent quality. Results of monitoring are provided which show that it is possible to achieve relatively low ammonia (approximately 1 g/m3) and total nitrogen (approximately 10 g/m3) effluent concentrations through the use of nitrification filter beds (rock trickling filters) and sand filters. Evidence suggests that the nitrification and denitrification processes in the extra biofilm surface area provided by the rock filters or rock bank protection is primarily responsible for the improved effluent quality. The paper also compares the WSP results with effluent quality predicted by published formulae. It is concluded that these formulae do not reliably predict the performance of WSP systems and the development of universally applicable design guidelines would be useful.

Competitive Environment and its Impact on Business Climate Development in a Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
A. A. Zyus’kin
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Development Project ◽  
The State ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Definition Of

The presented study examines the business climate of the Smolensk region, with applied developments based on the material of this region.Aim. The study aims to characterize the specific features of ‘competitive environment’ as an economic category in the context of formation of a favorable business climate within the region.Tasks. The authors analyze theoretical approaches to the definition of ‘competitive environment’ and ‘business climate’; assess the state of the competitive environment as a factor affecting the business climate in the region (through the example of the Smolensk region) with allowance for the competition intensity rating and survey of entrepreneurs; examine the implementation of government initiatives aimed at forming a favorable competitive environment in the Smolensk region; formulate proposals to improve the efficiency of implementation of measures by the local authorities of the Smolensk region aimed at forming a favorable competitive environment.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine the factors of formation of a favorable business climate in various aspects and to identify trends in the current state and development of entrepreneurship in the region.Results. Analysis of measures taken by the authorities of the Smolensk region to implement a government competitive policy and qualitative assessment of the competitive environment in the region by the business community show that changes and adjustments to the regulatory framework are not introduced quickly enough, while entrepreneurs show a low level of awareness about the activities of the authorities in enhancing competition. A potential solution to this problem involves creating a Competition Development Project Office in the region, which would unite representatives of the authorities, including employees of the Office of the Federal Antimonopoly Service (OFAS) in the Smolensk region, natural monopolies, and entrepreneurs (by including representatives of associations and business communities). Establishment of such an office would make the decision-making more balanced and immediate, which would in turn improve the quality of the competitive environment in the Smolensk region.Conclusions. The authors propose assessing the quality of the competitive environment, ranking regions, and including the results into the annual report of the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) on the state of competition in Russia. Improvement of the business climate is identified as a priority for regional authorities. Therefore, monitoring and evaluation of the business climate and its factors is an essential task.

Performance of the Phase II Dandora waste stabilisation ponds the largest in Africa: the case for anaerobic ponds

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Pearson ◽  
S. T. Avery ◽  
S. W. Mills ◽  
P. Njaggah ◽  
P. Odiambo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Load ◽  
Surface Load ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Pond System ◽  
Hydraulic Load ◽  
Volumetric Loading ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The City

This paper describes the performance of the Dandora Waste Stabilisation Pond System which treats the industrial and domestic sewage from the City of Nairobi, Kenya and is the largest pond system in Africa. The ponds have the capacity to treat a dry weather flow of 80,000m3/d but currently treat only half this flow. Increased sewage strengths over and above the design value mean that although the hydraulic load is halved the organic surface load on the primary facultative ponds is only 37% below the design loading of 190kg BOD5/ha/d. The results of the ongoing monitoring programme show that effluent quality is good and meets WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. Extrapolation of the existing results show that the system is performing to predictable efficiencies for the existing organic load and retention times (>90% BOD5 removal and >6 log reduction in FC) and will continue to do so as design flows and loads are reached. A pilot anaerobic pond study with what turns out to be full size anaerobics, showed BOD5 removal in excess of 80% in the single celled anaerobic ponds at design loadings of 240g/m3/d against a design prediction of 53% removal. Most importantly anaerobic pond loadings as low as 17-26% of the permissable volumetric loading maintained their efficiency without odour problems. This allows anaerobic ponds to be operated at flows well below design levels without risk of odour and without the need therefore to by-pass the anaerobics during commissioning and low initial flows. The benefits of land saving in the tropics by including anaerobic ponds in the system design is discussed as are the benefits of detailed monitoring programmes for large pond systems.

Waste stabilisation pond developments in New Zealand

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.E. Archer ◽  
D.D. Mara
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Statistical Probability ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Pond System ◽  
In Series ◽  
Odour Emissions

Waste stabilisation ponds have been a popular form of wastewater treatment in New Zealand both for large cities and small communities. Over 100 systems have been constructed ranging in size from over 500 ha to less than 0.1 ha. The largest pond system in New Zealand was at Manukau, Auckland and consisted of four ponds with a total of 530 ha. However, ongoing odour and midge releases and an algae parasite problem plus a requirement to reduce ammonia and total nitrogen in summer, led to the decision to decommission the ponds and allow the area to revert to tidal mudflats. The second largest pond system is at Christchurch and totals 226 ha. In contrast to Manukau, the Christchurch ponds have not caused significant odours and final effluent quality has been good. Christchurch has two parallel trains each with three ponds in series. It is proposed to retain and develop the ponds into a seven cells in series arrangement to reduce short-circuiting. Odour emissions from the Manukau and Christchurch ponds have been measured by the use of olfactometry. Dispersion of odours has been modelled and the extent of “odour travel” determined on a statistical probability basis using actual meteorological data. It can be demonstrated that residential areas can co-exist with ponds, which are not overloaded, with separation distances of 200 metres.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Nico Steytler ◽  
Charles M Fombad
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
The State ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Constitutional Democracy ◽  
Democratic Quality ◽  
Women's Participation

This volume examines democracy and elections in Africa, a focus motivated by two concerns. First, after 30 years, it is important to take stock of the state of constitutional democracy on the continent. The democratic gains of the 1990s and 2010s seem to be falling by the wayside. Second, multiparty democracy is essential for the proper functioning of the state in addressing the major problems facing Africa—internal conflict, inequality, lack of development, poor governance, and corruption. Part I of the volume examines how multiparty democracy currently works in Africa and considers ways in which to achieve constitutional democracy, a key component of constitutionalism. Part II contains five case studies on how ‘democratic’ authoritarian regimes maintain themselves. Part III concerns the role of political parties and their internal democratic functioning. Part IV focuses on enhancing the democratic quality of electoral processes. Part V focuses on inclusive democracy with reference to women’s participation.

scholarly journals Problems of improving the quality of social services in the process of deepening international cooperation of domestic and polish enterprises

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-247
Author(s):  
Iryna Protsyk ◽  
◽  
Natalia Kara ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Local Community ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Project Planning ◽  
The State ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Low Level

The article analyzes the dynamics of the number of people with disabilities in Ukraine, in particular by groups and separately children with disabilities, the provision of services by the State Employment Service for people with disabilities, including Lviv region during January-September 2020-2021. The stages of the order of creation and development of social services and information support are given; determining the need for social services, goals, objectives; prioritization of social services and project; planning the provision of social services and developing a strategy for their provision; organization of social services and implementation; monitoring and evaluation of service quality. Factors of influence of external and internal environment are defined. Legislative and regulatory framework, economic factors, social policy in the country, technological factors, as well as demographic factors are the main external factors. The main internal factors influencing the quality of social services there are available human resources; material-technical base; information support and financing. The main prerequisites for receiving quality social services by the population are identified, in particular, accessibility for all citizens, both territorially, financially and informationally, individual approach to consumers, taking into account the level of satisfaction of service recipients, as well as compliance with market needs and market trends. The main problems that cause low quality of social services and directions of their solution and avoidance of consequences are identified. There are the main problems: - lack of thorough analysis of demand and supply of social services in the market, control system after their provision to a particular person, as well as feedback from the client in the form of assessing the quality of services received; - low level of staffing in the provision of social services and the level of qualification of employees who provide services; - the lack of a unified approach to the financing of inpatient institutions that provide social services in Ukraine, as well as insignificant amounts of budget funding, imperfect mechanism of transfers of financial resources of the state to the local community cause low quality social services provided by the enterprise; - low level of methodological support for the process of providing quality social services for people with disabilities due to the lack of state quality standards for social services

Status of nondestructive control of transport function metal products at JSC EVRAZ NTMK

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-590
Author(s):  
S. P. Bersenev ◽  
E. M. Slobtsova
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Magnetic Powder ◽  
Nondestructive Control ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Ultrasonic Control ◽  
Acoustic Contact ◽  
In Series

Achievements in the area of automated ultrasonic control of quality of rails, solid-rolled wheels and tyres, wheels magnetic powder crack detection, carried out at JSC EVRAZ NTMK. The 100% nondestructive control is accomplished by automated control in series at two ultrasonic facilities RWI-01 and four facilities УМКК-1 of magnetic powder control, installed into the exit control line in the wheel-tyre shop. Diagram of location, converters displacement and control operations in the process of control at the facility RWI-01 presented, as well as the structural diagram of the facility УМКК-1. The automated ultrasonic control of rough tyres is made in the tyres control line of the wheel-tyre shop at the facility УКБ-1Д. The facility enables to control internal defects of tyres in radial, axis and circular directions of radiation. Possibilities of the facility УКБ-1Д software were shown. Nondestructive control of railway rails is made at two facilities, comprising the automated control line of the rail and structural shop. The УКР-64Э facility of automated ultrasonic rails control is intended to reveal defects in the area of head, web and middle part of rail foot by pulse echo-method with a immersion acoustic contact. The diagram of rail P65 at the facility УКР-64Э control presented. To reveal defects of the macrostructure in the area of rail head and web by mirror-shadow method, an ultrasonic noncontact electromagnetic-acoustic facility is used. It was noted, that implementation of the 100% nondestructive control into the technology of rolled stuff production enabled to increase the quality of products supplied to customers and to increase their competiveness.

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