Waste stabilisation pond developments in New Zealand

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.E. Archer ◽  
D.D. Mara
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Statistical Probability ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Pond System ◽  
In Series ◽  
Odour Emissions

Waste stabilisation ponds have been a popular form of wastewater treatment in New Zealand both for large cities and small communities. Over 100 systems have been constructed ranging in size from over 500 ha to less than 0.1 ha. The largest pond system in New Zealand was at Manukau, Auckland and consisted of four ponds with a total of 530 ha. However, ongoing odour and midge releases and an algae parasite problem plus a requirement to reduce ammonia and total nitrogen in summer, led to the decision to decommission the ponds and allow the area to revert to tidal mudflats. The second largest pond system is at Christchurch and totals 226 ha. In contrast to Manukau, the Christchurch ponds have not caused significant odours and final effluent quality has been good. Christchurch has two parallel trains each with three ponds in series. It is proposed to retain and develop the ponds into a seven cells in series arrangement to reduce short-circuiting. Odour emissions from the Manukau and Christchurch ponds have been measured by the use of olfactometry. Dispersion of odours has been modelled and the extent of “odour travel” determined on a statistical probability basis using actual meteorological data. It can be demonstrated that residential areas can co-exist with ponds, which are not overloaded, with separation distances of 200 metres.

Waste stabilisation ponds upgrading at Blenheim and Seddon, New Zealand - case studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
H.E. Archer ◽  
S.A. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Bank Protection ◽  
In Series ◽  
Final Effluent

Waste stabilisation ponds (WSP) have been a popular form of wastewater treatment in New Zealand both for large cities and small communities. Most WSP were constructed from 1960 to 1985 and were single ponds or a primary and secondary pond in series of similar size. Since 1995, improvements comprising primary and maturation ponds, with four to six cells in series have been constructed or retrofitted to original two cell ponds. The Seddon and Blenheim ponds include in-bank rock filters between maturation cells as a lower cost way of providing this feature for reduction of solids. Operating results show reduced variability in final effluent quality for BOD and SS. In addition, very good reductions of faecal coliform and enterococci have been achieved along with good reductions of ammonia and total nitrogen for most of the year except the middle of winter. Extensive use of rock as rip-rap bank protection and in the rock filters, appears to have provided sufficient extra surface area for a nitrifying biofilm to develop.

Improving nitrogen reduction in waste stabilisation ponds

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.E. Archer ◽  
B.M. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Bank Protection ◽  
In Series

This paper reviews the performance of two waste stablisation ponds (WSP) systems in the South Island of New Zealand that have been upgraded to multiple ponds-in-series to improve effluent quality. Results of monitoring are provided which show that it is possible to achieve relatively low ammonia (approximately 1 g/m3) and total nitrogen (approximately 10 g/m3) effluent concentrations through the use of nitrification filter beds (rock trickling filters) and sand filters. Evidence suggests that the nitrification and denitrification processes in the extra biofilm surface area provided by the rock filters or rock bank protection is primarily responsible for the improved effluent quality. The paper also compares the WSP results with effluent quality predicted by published formulae. It is concluded that these formulae do not reliably predict the performance of WSP systems and the development of universally applicable design guidelines would be useful.

Pond evaluation and upgrading in Mexico

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Escalante ◽  
G. Moeller ◽  
A. Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
The State ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Pond System ◽  
In Series ◽  
Southern Central

Half of the wastewater facilities constructed in Mexico for wastewater treatment and projected to be constructed in the next ten years, are waste stabilisation pond systems. The existing facilities have several problems in their operation. A national programme was developed by federal and local authorities responsible for sanitation and treatment for the monitoring and evaluation of the existing pond systems. The aim of the programme was the monitoring and evaluation of pond performance and effluent quality of a number of waste stabilisation ponds systems in different regions in Mexico and to upgrade and expand them if necessary. The programme was developed during 1998 and the specific sites selected were distributed within the country in the southern, central and northern part of Mexico. The evaluation of the specific ponds led to the production of a series of case studies on the various pond systems selected, that were discussed and jointly developed with local technicians in charge of the operation of the facilities. The case studies developed were: Gómez Portugal pond system located in the state of Aguascalientes, constituted by a baffled facultative pond; Guadalupe Victoria pond system located inthe State of Durango and constituted by a primary facultative, a secondary facultative and a third facultative pond; La Reforma pond system in Sinaloa, with two facultative ponds in series; González Ortega pond system in the State of Baja California Norte, with four anaerobic and four facultative ponds, and Chapilla pond system, located in the state of Chiapas. Plant effluents are intended for several purposes: irrigation and for discharge into receiving bodies. Effluent quality complies only with BOD limits, but not with microbiological limits established in national standards. For each pond, an upgrading plan is presented to comply with microbiological standards for discharge or for its use in irrigation.

scholarly journals Treatment performances of French constructed wetlands: results from a database collected over the last 30 years

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1333-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morvannou ◽  
N. Forquet ◽  
S. Michel ◽  
S. Troesch ◽  
P. Molle
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Technical Department ◽  
In Series ◽  
High Chemical Oxygen Demand

Approximately 3,500 constructed wetlands (CWs) provide raw wastewater treatment in France for small communities (<5,000 people equivalent). Built during the past 30 years, most consist of two vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) in series (stages). Many configurations exist, with systems associated with horizontal flow filters or waste stabilization ponds, vertical flow with recirculation, partially saturated systems, etc. A database analyzed 10 years earlier on the classical French system summarized the global performances data. This paper provides a similar analysis of performance data from 415 full-scale two-stage VFCWs from an improved database expanded by monitoring data available from Irstea and the French technical department. Trends presented in the first study are confirmed, exhibiting high chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal rates (87%, 93% and 84%, respectively). Typical concentrations at the second-stage outlet are 74 mgCOD L−1, 17 mgTSS L−1 and 11 mgTKN L−1. Pollutant removal performances are summarized in relation to the loads applied at the first treatment stage. While COD and TSS removal rates remain stable over the range of applied loads, the spreading of TKN removal rates increases as applied loads increase.

scholarly journals ON IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS OF THE KHARKIV MOTORWAY SECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (166) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
E. Lezhneva ◽  
I. Lynnyk ◽  
K. Vakulenko ◽  
N. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Main Area

Nowadays, on the territory of large cities, there is an increase in emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The reasons for this are manifold: violation of design technological regimes, outdated equipment, an increase in the volume of road transport. The constantly growing intensity of traffic flows is annually accompanied by an increase in the anthropogenic load on the population of modern cities. With the increase in the number of vehicles on the streets of large cities, the world community has identified noise as one of the main factors that worsen the standard of living of people. To assess the noise pollution of the environment by road transport, a typical area of the urban area in the Kharkiv micro district was chosen. The study consisted of four main stages: Stage I – assessment of the road condition and environmental situation in the courtyards of the micro district; Stage II – assessment of acoustic pollution of the main area; Stage III – assessment of the concentration of pollutants; Stage IV – measures to reduce the level of environmental hazard. The study revealed that residential areas around Gagarin Avenue are prone to high noise levels and high concentrations of pollutants in the air. So, Gagarin Avenue is in the zone of acoustic discomfort (noise level 80 dBA), which exceeds the permissible noise level, while the degree of man-made impact on the environment during road operation is 1000 UAH / hour for every 100 people. Based on the results of calculations of the concentrations of pollutants from vehicles along Gagarin Avenue, it was found that for almost all substances their concentrations exceed the MPC by more than 3 times. Analysis of the experience of European countries in the use of noise protection screens with integrated solar panels allowed us to propose a model of noise protection barrier with integrated solar panels, which can be used to protect the urban environment from noise, sound waves and exhaust chemicals. gases from internal combustion engines. It has been established that the placement of a combined noise protection screen will reduce the noise level by about 8–15 dBA. Noise load maps were built in the main area before and after the implementation of the environmental measure. The results of the study will make it possible to introduce administrative and legislative measures to ensure regulatory noise levels for residential areas adjacent to highways and environmental safety when organizing traffic on the streets of large cities.

Treating faecal sludges in ponds

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Strauss ◽  
S. A. Larmie ◽  
U. Heinss ◽  
A. Montangero
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Water Research ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Pond System ◽  
Anaerobic Degradability ◽  
Research Institute

Waste stabilisation ponds are a widely accepted and proven technology to treat wastewater. It is often stipulated (and also practised) that the design of ponds for faecal sludges (FS), septage in particular, should follow the same principles as for wastewater. Field research conducted by SANDEC and its partners at the Water Research Institute in Ghana, and information gathered from the scarce literature on FS treatment, however, has shown that design principles should be taken into consideration, which are specific to the treatment of FS. These principles depend on the type of FS to be treated and on the type of pond system envisaged. Issues dealt with in this article are the handling of FS solids; the role of anaerobic ponds in FS treatment; the anaerobic degradability of septage; and ammonia (NH3–N) toxicity.

Space-time analysis of unhealthy food advertising: New Zealand children’s exposure and health policy options

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-820
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Michelle Barr ◽  
Amber L Pearson ◽  
Tim Chambers ◽  
Karin A Pfeiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Food Advertising ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Density Mapping ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Wearable Cameras ◽  
Children’S Exposure

Abstract Reducing children’s exposure to unhealthy food advertising is an accepted strategy to end childhood obesity. This study aimed to (i) measure children’s space-time exposures to unhealthy food advertising in public outdoor spaces, using GPS and wearable cameras; and (ii) test effectiveness of banning options. We compiled data (collected July 2014—June 2015) on 138 12-year-old children in Wellington, New Zealand, using wearable cameras and GPS devices worn over 4 days. In 2017–18, we linked 59 150 images taken in public outdoor spaces to GPS data. Of these, 1631 contained unhealthy food advertising exposures, defined as ≥50% of an advertisement observed in each image. We examined spatial patterns using kernel density mapping and graphed space-time trends. We interpolated a kriged exposure rate across Wellington to estimate exposure reductions for potential bans. Children were exposed to 7.4 (95% CI 7.0–7.8) unhealthy food advertisements/hour spent in outdoor public spaces. Exposures occurred in shopping centres, residential areas and sports facilities, commonly involving fast food, sugary drinks and ice cream. Peak exposure times were weekend afternoons/evenings and weekdays before/after school. In Wellington, we estimated that banning such advertising within 400 m of playgrounds would yield a 33% reduction in exposure, followed by in residential areas (27%), within 400 m of schools (25%), and 50% for a ban combining all above. This work documents the extent of children’s exposure to unhealthy food advertising and the potential impact of bans. Given the ubiquity of advertising in public spaces, this New Zealand research offers innovative methods and findings likely relevant in other jurisdictions.

Taenia eggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis?

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2698-2703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Verbyla ◽  
Stewart M. Oakley ◽  
Louis A. Lizima ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Mercedes Iriarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Hydraulic Retention Time ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Hydraulic Residence Time ◽  
Stabilization Pond ◽  
Pond System ◽  
In Series

The objective of this study is to compare the removal of Taenia eggs to the removal of Ascaris eggs in a wastewater stabilization pond system consisting of three ponds in series, where the hydraulic residence time distribution has been characterized via a tracer study supported by computational fluid dynamics modeling. Despite a theoretical hydraulic retention time of 30 days, the peak dye concentration was measured in the effluent of the first pond after only 26 hours. The smaller-sized Taenia eggs were detected in higher concentrations than Ascaris eggs in the raw wastewater. Ascaris eggs were not detected in the pond system effluent, but 45 Taenia eggs/L were detected in the system effluent. If some of these eggs were of the species Taenia solium, and if the treated wastewater were used for the irrigation of crops for human consumption, farmers and consumers could potentially be at risk for neurocysticercosis. Thus, limits for Taenia eggs in irrigation water should be established, and precautions should be taken in regions where pig taeniasis is endemic. The results of this study indicate that the theoretical hydraulic retention time (volume/flow) of a pond is not always a good surrogate for helminth egg removal.

Biogas production from anaerobic waste stabilisation ponds treating dairy and piggery wastewater in New Zealand

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B.K. Park ◽  
R.J. Craggs
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds

New Zealand has over 1000 anaerobic wastewater stabilisation ponds used for the treatment of wastewater from farms and industry. Traditional anaerobic ponds were not designed to optimise anaerobic digestion of wastewater biomass to produce biogas and these uncovered ponds allowed biogas to escape to the atmosphere. This release of biogas not only causes odour problems, but contributes to GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions and is wasteful of energy that could be captured and used. Biogas production from anaerobic stabilisation ponds treating piggery and dairy wastewater was measured using floating 25 m2 HDPE covers on the pond surface. Biogas composition was analysed monthly and gas production was continually monitored. Mean areal biogas (methane) production rates from piggery and dairy anaerobic ponds were 0.78 (0.53) m3/m2/d and 0.03 (0.023) m3/m2/d respectively. Average CH4 content of the piggery and dairy farm biogas were 72.0% and 80.3% respectively. Conversion of the average volume of methane gas that could be captured from the piggery and dairy farm ponds (393.4 m3/d and 40.7 m3/d) to electricity would reduce CO2 equivalent GHG emissions by 5.6 tonnes/d and 0.6 tonnes/d and generate 1,180 kWh/d and 122 kWh/d. These results suggest that anaerobic ponds in New Zealand release considerable amounts of GHG and that there is great potential for energy recovery.

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