scholarly journals Geo-spatial distribution of fluoride in drinking water resources in Eastern Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2082-2095
Author(s):  
Nourahmad Nourafrouz ◽  
Ali Naghizadeh ◽  
Borhan Mansouri ◽  
Hamed Biglari ◽  
Elham Derakhshani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride concentrations in drinking water of the Khaf County in Eastern Iran. Moreover, health risk assessment of three age groups (children, teens and adults), sensitivity analysis and uncertainties in the risk estimates were carried out using Monte Carlo simulation. For this reason, drinking water in 33 villages and 5 cities of the Khaf County were collected during March to September 2018. Fluoride contents in drinking water samples were assayed by using a HACH-DR6000 spectrophotometer. Fluoride content in drinking water from urban area and rural area ranged from 0.50 to 0.91 mg L−1 and 0.24 to 2.31 mg L−1. Among the population of the 33 villages, about 17 villages, corresponding to 51%, receive fluoride concentrations less than 0.5 mg L−1 (minimum allowable concentration recommended by WHO), while the population of 4 villages, corresponding to 12%, receive fluoride concentrations higher than 1.5 mg L−1 (the maximum allowable concentration of fluoride in drinking water recommended by the WHO). Moreover, our findings showed that the drinking water ingestion rate, fluoride concentration in water, and the fraction of skin in contact with water were the most important variable in calculating the Hazard quotient (HQ).

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution Variation and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Fluoride in Ground Water Supplies: A Case Study in an Endemic Fluorosis Region of Northwest Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Yousefi ◽  
Farzaneh Asghari ◽  
Pietro Zuccarello ◽  
Gea Oliveri Conti ◽  
Aida Ejlali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Drinking Water Resources

Prevalence of fluorosis is a worldwide public health issue, especially in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate fluoride concentration in drinking water resources within Maku city, in both the warm and cold seasons, to perform a health risk assessment. Fluoride were measured using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The spatial distribution was calculated by the software ArcGIS and Hazard Quotients (HQs) were calculated according to the US EPA method. The fluoride concentrations ranged between 0.29 to 6.68 and 0.1 to 11.4 mg/L in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. Based on this report, 30.64 and 48.15% of the samples revealed a fluoride level higher than the permissible level in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. Moreover, results showed that the HQ value in the warm season for different age groups was higher than the HQ value in the cold season. In both seasons, the non-carcinogenic risks of fluoride for the four exposed populations varied according to the order: children > teenagers > adults > infants. The HQ values for three age groups (children, teenager and adults) for both seasons were higher than 1 with a high risk of fluorosis. The results of this study, support the requests that government authorities better manage water supplies to improve health quality.

URANIUM QUANTIFICATION IN GROUNDWATER AND HEALTH RISK FROM ITS INGESTION IN AND AROUND TIRUVANNAMALAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durai Ganesh ◽  
G Senthil Kumar ◽  
Laith Ahmed Najam ◽  
V Raja ◽  
M A Neelakantan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Excess Cancer Risk ◽  
Led Fluorimeter ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Abstract The aim of this study is to assess the degree of contamination in drinking water sources around the holy mountain “Arunachala” in Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu. Drinking water samples from 20 different sites were collected, and their physio-chemical parameters, pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solvents were determined. An LED fluorimeter was used to determine the concentration of uranium in these samples. As consumption of contaminated drinking water involves both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, excess cancer risk; life-time average daily dose; hazard quotient and annual effective dose were calculated for the samples. On comparing these values with their respective maximum permissible limits, it is found that water from the aquifers around the mountain is safe to consume.

scholarly journals Fluoride concentration in drinking water samples in Fiji

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Prasad ◽  
Bernadette Pushpaangaeli ◽  
Anumala Ram ◽  
Leenu Maimanuku
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

scholarly journals Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Karami ◽  
Yadollah Fakhri ◽  
Shahabaldin Rezania ◽  
Abdol Azim Alinejad ◽  
Ali Akbar Mohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Fluoride Exposure

Excessive intake of fluoride can cause adverse health effects. Consumption of tea as a popular drink could be a potential source of fluoride exposure to humans. This research aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentration in tea among the Iranian people using the available data in the literature and to assess the health risk related to the consumption of tea in men, women, and children. The health risk assessment was conducted using the chronic daily intake and hazard quotient according to the approach suggested by the Environmental Protection Agency. The fluoride content in published studies varied noticeably, ranging from 0.13 to 3.27 mg/L. The results revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) in age groups of women (21–72 years) and children (0–11 years) was within the safe zone (HQ < 1) which showed that there was no potential of non-carcinogenic risk associated with drinking tea in these groups. However, in one case of the men (21–72 years), the HQ > 1 which shows a probable risk of fluorosis. The order of non-carcinogenic health risks in the studied groups was in the order of men > women > children. The results of this can be useful for organizations with the responsibility of human health promotion.

scholarly journals Neuro-medical complications of fluoride toxicity among populations living in fluorosis endemic region of the Ethiopian Rift Valley

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biniyam Alemayehu Ayele ◽  
Yared Mamushet Yifru ◽  
Redda Tekle-Haimanot ◽  
Tewodros Rango Godebo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Skeletal Fluorosis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Abstract Background Fluorosis is endemic in many countries of Asia, South America, and Africa. In Africa, the countries located across the Great East African Rift Valley, including Ethiopia are a hotspot for fluorosis. While excessive and chronic exposure to fluoride causes dental and skeletal fluorosis, emerging studies have shown its adverse health effects in cognition, memory, learning and the function of central nervous system. The aim of this study is to assess neurological features of populations chronically exposed to a wide range of fluoride concentrations in drinking water wells in the Ethiopian Rift Valley.Method We conducted a study on 318 individuals living in rural villages located in fluoride endemic areas of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Drinking water samples were collected from 23 community well sites, and analyzed for fluoride concentrations. Detailed clinical evaluations of skeletal fluorosis, neurologic history, and physical examination were performed in the study participants. Association between different fluoride concentrations and clinical features of fluorosis were done using chi square and crude odds ratio (OR).Results The mean age of the study participants was 28.0±14.9 years. Male accounted 55.7% of the subjects participated. About 80% of the participants were from the communities who used water from wells containing fluoride concentration >2 mg/L. The mean fluoride concentration in drinking water samples was 6.8±4.3 mg/L (range: 0.3 to 15.5 mg/L). Among the neurologic complications, headache, fatigue, and paresthesia accounted for 67%, 56.3%, and 37.5%, respectively. Impaired lumbar mobility, impaired squatting, impaired neck mobility, and knocked knee occurred in 22.3%, 6.6%, 2.2%, and 1.6%, respectively. Impaired lumbar mobility and kyphosis showed statistically significant association with higher fluoride concentration in drinking water (>2 mg/L) (P <0.05), while impaired squatting did not (p = 0.9) as compared to baseline fluoride concentration < 2mg/L.Conclusion Our findings strongly suggest that the adverse neurological and medical effects associated with prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of fluoride in drinking water. We recommend conducting large scale epidemiological study in fluoride endemic areas using controlled population to better understand non-skeletal fluorosis related to neurological and medical complications.

scholarly journals Variability of naturally occurring fluoride in diverse community drinking-water sources, Tanna Island, Vanuatu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Webb ◽  
Carol Stewart ◽  
Erie Sami ◽  
Samuel Kelsey ◽  
Peggy Fairbairn Dunlop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Abstract Large variations in fluoride concentrations exist in natural waters, many of which are the source of community drinking-water supplies. Determining fluoride concentrations in community drinking waters can be challenging in developing Pacific countries such as Vanuatu that have limited laboratory capacity. Knowledge of naturally elevated fluoride concentrations that cause irreversible, adverse health outcomes may allow communities the opportunity to treat and manage their drinking-water supplies. Community drinking-water samples (n = 69), sourced from groundwaters, roof catchment rainwaters, surface waters and springs, were sampled on Tanna Island, Vanuatu between 2017 and 2020. In an 18 km2 area of Western Tanna, a set of 30 groundwater-based drinking-water samples had a median fluoride concentration of 3.3 mg/L, with 20 samples &gt;1.5 mg/L and seven samples &gt;4.0 mg/L. These concentrations increase the risk of dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. Repeat resampling at five sites showed little variation over the sampling period. Rainwater-fed drinking-water supplies were lower overall and highly variable in fluoride concentrations (&lt;0.05–4.0 mg/L, median of 0.53 mg/L), with variable inputs from volcanic emissions from Yasur volcano. We recommend a comprehensive oral health and bone health study for the whole island to determine adverse health effects of excess fluoride in this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals Investigations of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water Samples from Selected Villages in Eritrea

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-346
Author(s):  
Beamlak Haile ◽  
Aron Hailemichael ◽  
Tesfamichael Haile ◽  
Arumugam Manohar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Essential Chemical ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Fluoride is one of the few chemical contaminants in drinking water, even though; it is known as an essential chemical component in water due to its beneficial effect at a very low concentration. However, when present excessively in drinking water it has detrimental effects on human health in terms of the prevalence of dental caries, skeletal fluorosis and bone fractures. Endemic fluorosis, especially dental mottling and discoloration has been prevalent in many parts of Eritrea. However, no well-established study has been carried out to ascertain the fluoride content in the groundwater of the affected villages, except a couple of researches conducted to estimate fluoride level in drinking water of the villages around Keren and Elabered, where dental mottling and fluorosis is prevalent. According to the researches the fluoride level in the underground water was found to be higher than the maximum WHO limit of 1.5 mg/L. Butthe fluoride content of other places (villages) with endemic dental fluorosis has not been determined and documented, and therefore it is necessary to conduct this research in the affected areas to ascertain the fluoride level in the drinking water of the community and compare it with the WHO standards.

scholarly journals Evaluating Groundwater Quality for Sustainable Drinking and Irrigation Purposes and Assessing Nitrate Risks on Human Health in Rural Areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwa Hadi Ahmed ◽  
Mahmood F. Abed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Drinking And Irrigation ◽  
Groundwater Wells

Abstract Groundwater quality has specific importance for domestic, agricultural, and drinking water supply. Therefore, the objective of the current paper is to investigate groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes, as well as studying health hazard effects of nitrate-containing groundwater on age groups living in rural areas. Two water quality indices were used for checking groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. For drinking water quality index (DWQI), 88% of groundwater wells were poor water, whereas 12% were good water for drinking. The values of irrigation water quality index (IWQI) showed that the suitability of groundwater for irrigation uses was ranged from high to medium. In addition, this paper also included a risk assessment of nitrate-containing groundwater on rural resident's health. calculating oral hazard quotient (HQoral) for nitrates showed that 94% of the groundwater wells of the study area were less than 1, indicating no adverse health hazards on infants and children, whereas 6% of total wells were above 1, suggesting there are health risks. Regarding health effects on adults, all HQoral values were less than 1, indicating no adverse health hazards. The Hazard Quotient via dermal contact (HQdermal) for nitrates was much less than the safety factor 1, indicating no health hazards on age groups via bathing.

scholarly journals Groundwater Fluoride Contamination and Probabilistic Health-risk Assessment in Fluoride Endemic Areas of the Lower Satluj Basin, Punjab, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshay Kumar Chaudhry ◽  
Payal Sachdeva
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Fluoride Contamination ◽  
Skin Contact

Abstract Groundwater fluoride contamination in some parts of the study region was long recognized as a water quality issue. The results of WQI showed that 85% and 15% of sampling sites fall within the class of “good” and “poor” quality, respectively. Non-carcinogenic health risk (NCHR) assessment (using Hazard quotient (HQ)), and sensitivity analysis for three age groups were also carried out using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The estimated levels of HQoral were greater in magnitude than those estimated from HQdermal, thus the main source for fluoride toxicity is oral ingestion. Amongst the three age groups studied, children >female >male were found to be more prone to NCHR with HQoral ranging from (0.13-5.45), (0.07-2.97), and (0.06-2.51), respectively. Sensitivity analyses indicated that fluoride concentration, ingestion rate, shower exposure time, and fractional skin contact with water were the most relevant variables in the model to reduce the potential health effect.

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