Functional activated carbon: from synthesis to groundwater fluoride removal

Conversion and surface modification of date stems to obtain a relevant adsorbent to remove fluoride contamination.

Evaluation of Fluoride Contamination Using GIS in Thirukkazhukundram Block, Tamil Nadu, India

The presence of fluoride in the groundwater in the Thirukkazhukundram Block in south India is now becoming an increasingly alarming issue. With the semi-arid climatic conditions, charnockite and gneiss rocks form the basement, contributing to the geology of the study area. The pre-monsoon (August 2016) and post-monsoon (February 2017) fluoride concentrations have an average output of 1.3 mg.L-1 and 0.72 mg.L-1 respectively. As of date, only in Neikuppi, the fluoride contamination is found to be 2 mg.L-1 in pre-monsoon which is beyond the accepted limit as per the WHO standards. Other 29 locations taken up for study have fluoride value fluctuation from 1 mg.L-1 to 2 mg.L-1 in the pre-monsoon and from 0 to 1.5 mg.L-1 in the post-monsoon. The main factor responsible for this fluoride contamination lies in the study area’s hydro-geological condition which must be attended to immediately to prevent a public health problem in the future.