scholarly journals Variability of naturally occurring fluoride in diverse community drinking-water sources, Tanna Island, Vanuatu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Webb ◽  
Carol Stewart ◽  
Erie Sami ◽  
Samuel Kelsey ◽  
Peggy Fairbairn Dunlop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Abstract Large variations in fluoride concentrations exist in natural waters, many of which are the source of community drinking-water supplies. Determining fluoride concentrations in community drinking waters can be challenging in developing Pacific countries such as Vanuatu that have limited laboratory capacity. Knowledge of naturally elevated fluoride concentrations that cause irreversible, adverse health outcomes may allow communities the opportunity to treat and manage their drinking-water supplies. Community drinking-water samples (n = 69), sourced from groundwaters, roof catchment rainwaters, surface waters and springs, were sampled on Tanna Island, Vanuatu between 2017 and 2020. In an 18 km2 area of Western Tanna, a set of 30 groundwater-based drinking-water samples had a median fluoride concentration of 3.3 mg/L, with 20 samples >1.5 mg/L and seven samples >4.0 mg/L. These concentrations increase the risk of dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. Repeat resampling at five sites showed little variation over the sampling period. Rainwater-fed drinking-water supplies were lower overall and highly variable in fluoride concentrations (<0.05–4.0 mg/L, median of 0.53 mg/L), with variable inputs from volcanic emissions from Yasur volcano. We recommend a comprehensive oral health and bone health study for the whole island to determine adverse health effects of excess fluoride in this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals Fluoride concentration in drinking water samples in Fiji

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Prasad ◽  
Bernadette Pushpaangaeli ◽  
Anumala Ram ◽  
Leenu Maimanuku
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Karanis ◽  
Dirk Schoenen ◽  
H. M. Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Surface Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, in intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max. 1314/100 1), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 1 (max. 1081/100 1). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8/100 1) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 1). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter barries in the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.

scholarly journals Neuro-medical complications of fluoride toxicity among populations living in fluorosis endemic region of the Ethiopian Rift Valley

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biniyam Alemayehu Ayele ◽  
Yared Mamushet Yifru ◽  
Redda Tekle-Haimanot ◽  
Tewodros Rango Godebo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
Skeletal Fluorosis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Abstract Background Fluorosis is endemic in many countries of Asia, South America, and Africa. In Africa, the countries located across the Great East African Rift Valley, including Ethiopia are a hotspot for fluorosis. While excessive and chronic exposure to fluoride causes dental and skeletal fluorosis, emerging studies have shown its adverse health effects in cognition, memory, learning and the function of central nervous system. The aim of this study is to assess neurological features of populations chronically exposed to a wide range of fluoride concentrations in drinking water wells in the Ethiopian Rift Valley.Method We conducted a study on 318 individuals living in rural villages located in fluoride endemic areas of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Drinking water samples were collected from 23 community well sites, and analyzed for fluoride concentrations. Detailed clinical evaluations of skeletal fluorosis, neurologic history, and physical examination were performed in the study participants. Association between different fluoride concentrations and clinical features of fluorosis were done using chi square and crude odds ratio (OR).Results The mean age of the study participants was 28.0±14.9 years. Male accounted 55.7% of the subjects participated. About 80% of the participants were from the communities who used water from wells containing fluoride concentration >2 mg/L. The mean fluoride concentration in drinking water samples was 6.8±4.3 mg/L (range: 0.3 to 15.5 mg/L). Among the neurologic complications, headache, fatigue, and paresthesia accounted for 67%, 56.3%, and 37.5%, respectively. Impaired lumbar mobility, impaired squatting, impaired neck mobility, and knocked knee occurred in 22.3%, 6.6%, 2.2%, and 1.6%, respectively. Impaired lumbar mobility and kyphosis showed statistically significant association with higher fluoride concentration in drinking water (>2 mg/L) (P <0.05), while impaired squatting did not (p = 0.9) as compared to baseline fluoride concentration < 2mg/L.Conclusion Our findings strongly suggest that the adverse neurological and medical effects associated with prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of fluoride in drinking water. We recommend conducting large scale epidemiological study in fluoride endemic areas using controlled population to better understand non-skeletal fluorosis related to neurological and medical complications.

scholarly journals First investigations into the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Hungarian drinking water

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Plutzer ◽  
M. H. Takó ◽  
K. Márialigeti ◽  
A. Törökné ◽  
P. Karanis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
River Danube ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Safe drinking water is a top priority in preventing disease outbreaks and is of general concern to everyone. This study examines the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Hungarian drinking water supplies for the first time. A total of 76 raw and drinking water samples were examined using the U.S. EPA Method 1623. From these 15 of 34 (48.4%) raw water samples tested positive for Giardia and 7 (26.6%) for Cryptosporidium. Twelve of 45 (26.7%) drinking water samples were positive for Giardia and 6 (13.3%) for Cryptosporidium. Overall, Giardia cysts and/or Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 48% of the raw water samples and 35% of the drinking water samples. The highest levels in drinking water were found to be 3 oocysts/100 litres of Cryptosporidium and 63.6 cysts/100 litres for Giardia, enough to cause giardiasis. The highest levels in raw water were 1,030 cysts/100 litres for Giardia and 50 oocysts/100 litres for Cryptosporidium and higher oocyst densities were associated with source water receiving effluents from sewage treatment plants or originating from a forest environment. In addition to this monitoring, riverbank filtrated water and raw water from the River Danube in Budapest were monitored in order to ascertain protozoan removal efficiency of riverbank filtration (RBF). A total of 157 samples, including 87 samples from the River Danube and 70 samples post RBF, were examined. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected regularly in the river water but never in riverbank filtered water suggesting the effectiveness of RBF as a purification method. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the investigated water supplies may require the water utilities and water authorities in Hungary to apply additional monitoring and treatment and/or watershed controls.

scholarly journals Estimation of Fluoride concentration in drinking water of Kathmandu Valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Priyanka Shah ◽  
S Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Fluoride has a preventive effect on dental caries. However, excessive/insufficient ingestion of fluoride can lead to the development of dental fluorosis/increased risk for dental caries respectively. The objective of this study was to estimate fluoride concentration in drinking water of Kathmandu valley. It was a community based cross-sectional study in which drinking water samples were collected from municipal water supply and bottled water. Municipal water supply was collected according to eight water schemes in Kathmandu valley and as for bottled water, 35 samples were randomly collected according to different brand names available in the commercial market. The samples were analyzed for fluoride content by SPADNS colorimetric method as per standard procedure set by American Public Health Association (APHA 2012).The results revealed that the fluoride content in drinking water samples was below the permissible limit (<0.5 ppm) as per Nepal’s drinking water quality standards and WHO guidelines. Hence, implementation of water fluoridation program can be initiated for municipal water supply and bottled water for prevention of dental caries to optimize the oral health of people.

scholarly journals Identification of microbial contaminants in drinking water samples of Ahmedabad using PCR

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 905-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohi T Bhatt ◽  
Manisha A Nagwadiya ◽  
Sheji Chandran ◽  
Bhupesh N Yagnik
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
16S Rdna Pcr ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Quality of drinking water is one of the greatest anxiety of water consumers with contamination of different pathogenic microorganisms especially fungi and bacteria. Water-borne pathogen contamination in water resources and related diseases are a major water quality concern throughout the world. A motivation for this study was the numerous reports about these contaminations of drinking water and the associated diseases. Water samples were collected from various locations of Ahmedabad in February 2017. The samples were analyzed by 16S rDNA PCR and ITS rDNA PCR since the DNA sequence polymorphisms in the 16S ribosomal DNA and ITS rDNA can be used for the identification of bacterial and fungal species respectively. The PCR amplicons were obtained for each water samples, were sequenced and the species identity was determined using NCBI-BLAST. Bacterial species of Aeromonas, Citrobacter and E. coli along with two fungal species were obtained from municipal water supplies and parab waters. Species of Aspergillus and Penicillium represented the most common fungi in municipal water supplies. This is the first report of molecular study from drinking water facilities of Ahmedabad. This study has clearly revealed that currently, the microbiological quality of the water is inferior for drinking purpose due to bacterial and fungal contamination. This study also showed the potential PCR based identification as a rapid technique for identifying microorganisms in drinking water samples.

New methods for the detection of viruses: call for review of drinking water quality guidelines

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.O.K. Grabow ◽  
M.B. Taylor ◽  
J.C. de Villiers
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Water Quality Guidelines ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Treated Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Drinking water supplies which meet international recommendations for source, treatment and disinfection were analysed. Viruses recovered from 100 L-1,000 L volumes by in-line glass wool filters were inoculated in parallel into four cell culture systems. Cell culture inoculation was used to isolate cytopathogenic viruses, amplify the nucleic acid of non-cytopathogenic viruses and confirm viability of viruses. Over a period of two years, viruses were detected in 23% of 413 drinking water samples and 73% of 224 raw water samples. Cytopathogenic viruses were detected in 6% raw water samples but not in any treated drinking water supplies. Enteroviruses were detected in 17% drinking water samples, adenoviruses in 4% and hepatitis A virus in 3%. In addition to these viruses, astro- and rotaviruses were detected in raw water. All drinking water supplies had heterotrophic plate counts of &lt;100/mL, total and faecal coliform counts of 0/100 mL and negative results in qualitative presence-absence tests for somatic and F-RNA coliphages (500 mL samples). These results call for a revision of water quality guidelines based on indicator organisms and vague reference to the absence of viruses.

Temporal variability of disinfection by-products concentration in urban public water system

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-398
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Water System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
System P ◽  
Public Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
By Products

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.

scholarly journals Potential endocrine disruptor activity of drinking water samples

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e983384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marize de Lm Solano ◽  
Cassiana C Montagner ◽  
Carolina Vaccari ◽  
Wilson F Jardim ◽  
Janete A Anselmo-Franci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Endocrine Disruptor ◽  
Drinking Water Samples
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