scholarly journals Two baseflow separation methods based on daily average gage height and discharge

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1978-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifei Yang ◽  
Changlai Xiao ◽  
Xiujuan Liang ◽  
Zhihao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Power Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Mass Balance Equation ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Baseflow Separation ◽  
Two Component ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Hydrologists are urgently seeking to find a more universal and inexpensive tracer for baseflow separation, and gage height may form an appropriate choice. This study derives the gage height mass balance (GHMB) and gage height power function (GHPF) methods using a two-component mass balance equation based on the relationship between the gage height and streamflow. The GHMB and GHPF methods are corrected by comparing the results of the conductivity mass balance (CMB), conductivity power function (CMBPF), GHMB, and GHPF methods in 20 basins in the United States. Subsequently, the corrected GHMB and GHPF methods are applied to seven other basins. The results indicate that: (1) the baseflow index (BFI) values calculated from the GHMB and GHPF methods are in good agreement with those of conventional methods; (2) the daily baseflow calculated as per the GHMB and GHPF methods can be suitably fitted with the CMB method; (3) the baseflow is significantly suppressed when the flood peak is larger, and deviations between the GHMB, GHPF, and CMB results are mainly observed for flood events with a large flood peak. As a tracer, the gage height can reasonably separate the baseflow, and the results indicate the efficacy of the methods.

scholarly journals Can the two-parameter recursive digital filter baseflow separation method really be calibrated by the conductivity mass balance method?

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1747-1760
Author(s):  
Weifei Yang ◽  
Changlai Xiao ◽  
Zhihao Zhang ◽  
Xiujuan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Digital Filter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Baseflow Separation ◽  
Recursive Digital Filter ◽  
Separation Results ◽  
Two Parameter

Abstract. The two-parameter recursive digital filter method (Eckhardt) and the conductivity mass balance (CMB) method are two widely used baseflow separation methods favored by hydrologists. Some divergences in the application of these two methods have emerged in recent years. Some scholars believe that deviation of baseflow separation results of the two methods is due to uncertainty of the parameters of the Eckhardt method and that the Eckhardt method should be corrected by reference to the CMB method. However, other scholars attribute the deviation to the fact that they contain different transient water components. This study aimed to resolve this disagreement by analyzing the effectiveness of the CMB method for correcting the Eckhardt method through application of the methods to 26 basins in the United States by comparison of the biases between the generated daily baseflow series. The results showed that the approach of calibrating the Eckhardt method against the CMB method provides a “false” calibration of total baseflow by offsetting the inherent biases in the baseflow sequences generated by the two methods. The baseflow sequence generated by the Eckhardt method usually includes slow interflow and bank storage return flow, whereas that of the CMB method usually includes high-conductivity water flushed from swamps and depressions by rainfall, but not low-conductivity interflow and bank storage return flow. This difference results in obvious peak misalignment and periodic deviation between the baseflow sequences obtained by the two methods, thereby preventing calibration. However, multi-component separation of streamflow can be achieved through comparison. Future research should recognize the deviations between the separation results obtained by the different methods, identify the reasons for these differences, and explore the hydrological information contained therein.

scholarly journals Can the two-parameter recursive digital filter baseflow separation method really be calibrated by the conductivity mass balance method?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifei Yang ◽  
Changlai Xiao ◽  
Zhihao Zhang ◽  
Xiujuan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Digital Filter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Balance Method ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Mass Balance Method ◽  
Baseflow Separation ◽  
Recursive Digital Filter ◽  
Two Parameter

Abstract. The two-parameter recursive digital filter method (Eckhardt) and the conductivity mass balance method (CMB) are two widely-used baseflow separation methods favored by hydrologists. Some divergences in the application of these two methods have emerged in recent years. Some scholars believe that deviation of baseflow separation results of the two methods is due to uncertainty of the parameters of the Eckhardt method, and that the Eckhardt method should be corrected by reference to the CMB method. However, other scholars attribute the deviation to the fact that they contain different transient water components. This study aimed to resolve this disagreement by analyzing the effectiveness of the CMB method for correcting the Eckhardt method through application of the methods to 26 basins in the United States by comparison of the biases between the generated daily baseflow series. The results showed that the approach of calibrating the Eckhardt method against the CMB method provides a false calibration of total baseflow by offsetting the inherent biases in the baseflow sequences generated by the two methods. The reason for this phenomenon is that the baseflow sequence generated by the Eckhardt method usually includes slow interflow and bank storage return flow, whereas that of the CMB method usually includes high-salinity water flushed from swamps and depressions by rainfall, but not low-salinity interflow and bank storage return flow. Future studies can realize the multi-component separation of streamflow or identify the contribution of different transient water sources to streamflow by comparing the results of these two methods.

Population Size vs. Number of Crimes: Is the Relationship Superlinear?

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
YuSang Chang ◽  
SungSup Brian Choi ◽  
JinSoo Lee ◽  
Won Chang Jin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Power Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scaling Theory ◽  
Display Time ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Scaling ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
The Relationship

Do large cities suffer from an even greater incidence of crime? According to the Urban Scaling Theory, the number of crimes committed may follow a superlinear relationship as a function of the population size of city. For example, if the population size increases by 100%, the incidence of crime may increase by 120%. We analyzed a total of 11 types of crimes which had occurred in about 250 cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the United States during the period of 1995-2010. We found that the relationship between the number of crimes counts and the population size of cities have followed a superlinear power function without exception in all 176 cases. However, significant variations exist among the superlinear relations by types of crime. We also found that the values of scale exponents display time-invariant pattern during the 16-year period.

A new method for shape and depth determinations from gravity data

Geophysics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1774-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
El‐Sayed M. Abdelrahman ◽  
Tarek M. El‐Araby ◽  
Hesham M. El‐Araby ◽  
Eid R. Abo‐Ezz
Keyword(s):  
Shape Factor ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Shape Factors ◽  
Family Of Curves ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

We have developed a simple method to determine simultaneously the shape and depth of a buried structure from residualized gravity data using filters of successive window lengths. The method is similar to Euler deconvolution, but it solves for shape and depth independently. The method involves using a relationship between the shape factor and the depth to the source and a combination of windowed observations. The relationship represents a parametric family of curves (window curves). For a fixed window length, the depth is determined for each shape factor. The computed depths are plotted against the shape factors, representing a continuous, monotonically increasing curve. The solution for the shape and depth of the buried structure is read at the common intersection of the window curves. This method can be applied to residuals as well as to the Bouguer gravity data of a short or long profile length. The method is applied to theoretical data with and without random errors and is tested on a known field example from the United States. In all cases, the shape and depth solutions obtained are in good agreement with the actual ones.

Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Beeble ◽  
Deborah Bybee ◽  
Cris M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

Confluencia geopolítica entre Cárdenas y Roosevelt:

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254
Author(s):  
Andreu Espasa
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The New Deal

De forma un tanto paradójica, a finales de los años treinta, las relaciones entre México y Estados Unidos sufrieron uno de los momentos de máxima tensión, para pasar, a continuación, a experimentar una notable mejoría, alcanzando el cénit en la alianza política y militar sellada durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El episodio catalizador de la tensión y posterior reconciliación fue, sin duda, el conflicto diplomático planteado tras la nacionalización petrolera de 1938. De entre los factores que propiciaron la solución pacífica y negociada al conflicto petrolero, el presente artículo se centra en analizar dos fenómenos del momento. En primer lugar, siguiendo un orden de relevancia, se examina el papel que tuvo la Guerra Civil Española. Aunque las posturas de ambos gobiernos ante el conflicto español fueron sustancialmente distintas, las interpretaciones y las lecciones sobre sus posibles consecuencias permitieron un mayor entendimiento entre los dos países vecinos. En segundo lugar, también se analizarán las afinidades ideológicas entre el New Deal y el cardenismo en el contexto de la crisis mundial económica y política de los años treinta, con el fin de entender su papel lubricante en las relaciones bilaterales de la época. Somewhat paradoxically, at the end of the 1930s, the relationship between Mexico and the United States experienced one of its tensest moments, after which it dramatically improved, reaching its zenith in the political and military alliance cemented during World War II. The catalyst for this tension and subsequent reconciliation was, without doubt, the diplomatic conflict that arose after the oil nationalization of 1938. Of the various factors that led to a peaceful negotiated solution to the oil conflict, this article focuses on analyzing two phenomena. Firstly—in order of importance—this article examines the role that the Spanish Civil War played. Although the positions of both governments in relation to the Spanish war were significantly different, the interpretations and lessons concerning potential consequences enabled a greater understanding between the two neighboring countries. Secondly, this article also analyzes the ideological affinities between the New Deal and Cardenismo in the context of the global economic and political crisis of the thirties, seeking to understand their role in facilitating bilateral relations during that period.

Violence, Social Movements, and Black Freedom Struggles

Contention ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
AK Thompson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Today ◽  
Black Freedom ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
Ambivalent Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Freedom Struggles

George Floyd’s murder by police on 26 May 2020 set off a cycle of struggle that was notable for its size, intensity, and rate of diffusion. Starting in Minneapolis, the uprising quickly spread to dozens of other major cities and brought with it a repertoire that included riots, arson, and looting. In many places, these tactics coexisted with more familiar actions like public assemblies and mass marches; however, the inflection these tactics gave to the cycle of contention is not easily reconciled with the protest repertoire most frequently mobilized during movement campaigns in the United States today. This discrepancy has led to extensive commentary by scholars and movement participants, who have often weighed in by considering the moral and strategic efficacy of the chosen tactics. Such considerations should not be discounted. Nevertheless, I argue that both the dynamics of contention witnessed during the uprising and their ambivalent relationship to the established protest repertoire must first be understood in historical terms. By considering the relationship between violence, social movements, and Black freedom struggles in this way, I argue that scholars can develop a better understanding of current events while anticipating how the dynamics of contention are likely to develop going forward. Being attentive to these dynamics should in turn inform our research agendas, and it is with this aim in mind that I offer the following ten theses.

Die Konstruktion von Natur – Central Park neu besichtigt | The Construction of Nature – Central Park Revisited

2005 ◽  
Vol 156 (8) ◽  
pp. 288-296
Author(s):  
Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Park ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
Hudson River School ◽  
The North ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

In the first half of the 19th century scientific philosophers in the United States, such as Emerson and Thoreau, began to pursue the relationship between man and nature. Painters from the Hudson River School discovered the rural spaces to the north of New York and began to celebrate the American landscape in their paintings. In many places at this time garden societies were founded, which generated widespread support for the creation of park enclosures While the first such were cemeteries with the character of parks, housing developments on the peripheries of towns were later set in generous park landscapes. However, the centres of the growing American cities also need green spaces and the so-called «park movement»reached a first high point with New York's Central Park. It was not only an experimental field for modern urban elements, but even today is a force of social cohesion.

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