scholarly journals Energy–water and GHG nexus: A South African water industry case

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Madolo ◽  
A. Telukdarie ◽  
A. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Water Industry

Abstract Water and energy are resources that are dependent on each other. Water is needed for the production of energy for fuel extraction, cooling power plants, and processing of fossil fuels. In water cycles, energy is needed for pumping, treatment and distribution of water and wastewater to and from customers. In South Africa (SA), the energy used in the water industry is generated mostly from fossil fuels, which has a significant negative impact on the environment. This research reviews a representative subset of the SA water industry to evaluate energy efficiency and harmful gas emissions optimisation potential. The first component of this study involves a review of the current energy efficiency potential in water distribution systems in SA. On the basis of a literature review, three technologies/practices were identified as being imperative in optimising water utilities in SA. The second part of this study involves the implementation of some performance indicators that illustrate the interdependence of water loss, energy consumption and CO2, NOX and SOX emissions. These indicators are used to compare a few possible mitigation scenarios involving water loss reduction and increasing the system's energy efficiency. The third component of research is developing a novel multi-layered structural water distribution system model by incorporating 29 metrics extracted from the literature reviewed. Analysis of this model is then conducted using a MULTI-MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis) technique accompanied by a Triangular Fuzzy Number set. The aim of this was to assist water utility managers to identify the most influential performance indicators for attaining the nexus objectives.

scholarly journals The SYSTEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL-ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING OF FISH STOCKS: IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS

2017 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Elmira Kamilbekovna Salakhova
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Economic Production

In recent years, many developed countries of the world have been successfully learning and mastering the Basic scheme of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) ecological-economic systems (EES). The need to overcome the backlog of Russia in the study and discussion of the provisions of SEEA is, according to experts, one of the main conditions of transition to sustainable development. The environmental situation in Russia is not as gloomy as in other countries, despite the decline of economic production in recent years and low population density on the vast territory. Analysis of indicators of the negative impact on the environment shows that increasing impact to the atmospheric air is made by the manufacturing and mining industries; more than half of contaminated wastewaters are discharged by electric power plants and gas and water distribution systems; huge losses occur in the process of water transportation in agriculture and forestry. A significant volume of water intake from natural water objects of Russia, discharge of polluted waste waters, along with other objective factors adversely affect the habitat of aquatic biological resources (especially fish) that are of great social and economic importance. There decreased volumes of production of live, fresh and chilled fish; production of canned fish has increased, as well as the amount of waste of fish and other water biological resources; increased production of fish meal and pellets, which in general can be characterized as unsustainable use of valuable natural resources. In terms of use of fish and other aquatic biological resources it is advisable to form EES in river basins or seas. The interaction of EES subsystems is carried out through direct and feedback correlations. For further implementation of the main provisions of the Concept of Russia’s transition to sustainable development (1993) it is necessary to establish new parameters of the long-term economic development, as modified by social and environmental costs.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency in water distribution systems – a path to an ideal network: AGS experience

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Feliciano ◽  
R. Almeida ◽  
A. Santos ◽  
A. Ganhão ◽  
D. Covas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Planning Stage

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) gave a step forward in Portuguese water utilities due to recent legal obligations in developing IAM plans. An effort was made by AGS (Administração e Gestão de Sistemas de Salubridade, S.A.), private operator in 17 water utilities, to achieve a higher level of managing data. Data management was an important hurdle to be overcome in order to accurately assess performance indicators. An appropriate bridge to be made is the link between IAM methodological processes and current operational management; this link is crucial when alternative solutions are defined in the planning stage and decisions need to be made. In the past, through continuously hydraulic modelling collaborative projects, AGS achieved sufficient maturity in several processes, such as (a) update network maps, (b) link geographical information system with other information systems, and (c) profiling consumption demand. Nowadays, concerns related with energy savings are gaining importance; concepts as energy efficiency, reducing carbon footprint and gas emissions should be followed. This paper describes an approach to energy assessment in a real water distribution system, where performance indicators associated with energy efficiency were computed for three different operational alternatives. Results considering a balance between cost and performance dimensions were assessed.

scholarly journals Methodology for assessing the environmental characteristics of various methods of generating electricity

2019 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 09001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Gryznova ◽  
Vadim Davydov ◽  
Yuri Batov ◽  
Valentin Dudkin ◽  
Danila Puz’ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The article considers the energy efficiency of energy production from various types of fuel. The analysis of the negative impact of the use of various types of fuel on the environment. The most significant indicators for assessing the environmental efficiency of the use of fuel for electricity production are established. A comparison is made with the performance indicators that are currently used. The advantages and disadvantages are established. The necessity of developing a more effective methodology for assessing environmental performance is substantiated. A new methodology for assessing the environmental efficiency of using various methods for the production of electricity is proposed. Research results are presented.

scholarly journals Average Operating Pressure Effect on Water Supply Systems Performances. A Case Study for 12 Romanian Small Water Distribution Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
E. Vitan ◽  
Anca Hotupan ◽  
Adriana Hadarean
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Small Water

Abstract The performance evaluation of an implemented water distribution network is in tight relation with the choice of adequate measures for water loss reduction. Hence, the consequences of placing the water network in a wrong performance category are bad and will conduct to unreasonably costs or considerable water loss volumes. Therefore, the evaluation of the water network performance level based on both Non-Revenue Water (NRW) and Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) indicators is to be recommended. This paper deals with the performance evaluation of water distribution systems based on the calculated performance indicators NRW and ILI. For this purpose, collected data for a period of one year from 12 Romanian small water distribution systems and two simplified average pressure determination methods were used.

Determination of Economic Leakage Level with Optimization Algorithm in Water Distribution Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 2150014
Author(s):  
Mahmut Firat ◽  
Salih Yilmaz ◽  
Abdullah Ateş ◽  
Özgür Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
System Components ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Water Loss Management ◽  
Sample System

It is necessary to set the most appropriate targets in water loss management (WLM) and to choose the most economically and technically suitable method to achieve these targets. The aim of this work is to define the level of economic leakage with the optimization algorithm in sustainable WLM, considering the system components, requirements and costs of the methods. For this purpose, a new model based on discrete stochastic optimization has been developed to determine the most appropriate values of the pressure level and the number of teams. After the system components were entered into the model, the optimal values of parameters were determined according to the problem-specific defined objective function. It was calculated that the pressure should be reduced from 40[Formula: see text]m to 25.30[Formula: see text]m, and the number of teams was 4 for the sample system. The Economic Leakage Level for the system was calculated as 145.85[Formula: see text]m3/day in volume and 11.9% in percentage.

Sensitivity analysis accurately directs water-loss reduction interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Edgar Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Loss Reduction ◽  
Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Selection Of

Water supply and delivery inefficiencies increase the overall costs of water distribution networks, which is ultimately paid for by the customer through increased water prices or by society through cross-subsidisation. The benefits of correctly identifying and implementing efficiency improvement programs in water networks generally outweigh their costs. The paper illustrates how the interrelationship between components of the water balance influences the derivation of water-loss performance indicators and directs the selection of loss reduction interventions. Data anomalies in one part of the balance will affect other parts due to the balance maintaining its equilibrium.

Análise de sensibilidade às componentes do balanço hídrico para suporte a uma melhor gestão de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água

2020 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Dália Loureiro ◽  
◽  
Aisha Mamade ◽  
Maria Almeida Silva ◽  
Francisco Arregui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Non Revenue Water

Apesar da qualidade de serviço assegurada atualmente pelos sistemas de abastecimento de água (SAA) em Portugal, o valor de água não faturada nos sistemas em “baixa” tem-se mantido praticamente constante e com desempenho insatisfatório nos últimos anos. O balanço hídrico constitui um standard para avaliar a água entrada, o consumo faturado e não faturado em SAA. A quantificação fiável das componentes de água não faturada, para identificação dos principais problemas de perdas, constitui uma etapa preliminar crucial para a definição de um plano de gestão de perdas de água e de energia a médio prazo. No entanto, devido ao facto de várias componentes do balanço serem obtidas por estimativa, são necessárias abordagens que permitam o seu cálculo sistemático e uma avaliação da qualidade dos resultados com vista à redução das incertezas e a uma melhor avaliação da dimensão do problema. Este artigo analisa a incerteza das componentes do balanço hídrico, identifica alguns fatores que podem influenciar a qualidade da medição da água entrada e faz uma análise de sensibilidade ao indicador de perdas aparentes num conjunto de 22 entidades gestoras de sistemas de distribuição de água. Despite the high quality of service provided nowadays by drinking water supply systems in Portugal, the value of non-revenue water in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) has been practically constant and with a poor service level in last years. The water balance is a standard for assessing system input volume, billed consumption and non-revenue water components in DWDS. Reliable quantification of non-revenue water components, for identification of the main problems, is an essential preliminary step in the definition of a plan for water loss and energy management in a medium-term horizon. However, because several components of the water balance are obtained by estimation, approaches are necessary to enable them to be systematically calculated and to evaluate the quality of results to reduce uncertainties and to better assess the water loss problems. This paper analyses the uncertainty associated with water balance components and the results of the apparent loss performance indicator in a set of 22 DWDS to establish reference values.

Use of district metered areas coupled with pressure optimisation to reduce leakage

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambos Charalambous
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Losses

Water shortage and the future threat posed by changing climatic conditions has intensified the need for the development of appropriate water management approaches, which aim at keeping a balance between water supply and demand. Losses from water distribution systems must be of concern to every water utility, especially in areas of our planet where water is found in very limited quantities. It is therefore imperative that water utilities apply simple and effective methodologies in accounting for water losses from their transmission and distribution systems. The Water Loss Task Force (WLTF) of the International Water Association (IWA) has established a water audit method, which traces water from its source right through the system and derives at the end the revenue and non-revenue component, in other words is a methodology for water accountability and an integrated approach to water loss control. The Water Board of Lemesos, Cyprus recognised at a very early stage the importance and significance of establishing a proper water audit system and has over the years developed its infrastructure in such a way in order to be able to account efficiently and accurately for all water produced. Reduction and control of water loss was achieved through the application of a holistic strategy based on the approach developed by the WLTF of the IWA. Integral part of this approach is the establishment and operation of DMAs.

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