Effect of seasonal climatic variance on water main failure frequencies in moderate climate regions

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fuchs-Hanusch ◽  
F. Friedl ◽  
R. Scheucher ◽  
B. Kogseder ◽  
D. Muschalla
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Structural Quality ◽  
Failure Frequency ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Water Main ◽  
Moderate Climate

The yearly water main failure frequency is a central performance indicator to describe the structural quality of a water distribution network. Besides age related deterioration, events such as severe climatic conditions or intensified third party construction may cause sudden seasonal increases in failure frequency trends. For the cold regions of Canada and the dry regions of Australia, several studies exist describing the impacts of climatic failure frequencies on water main failure variations. Failure prediction modelling applied to Austrian supply systems have shown that irregularities in overall failure trends were not explainable with commonly used model covariates like material, vintage, diameter or the number of previous breaks. Analysing the monthly failure frequencies of several Austrian utilities, seasonal differences and variations in failure frequencies are recognizable. The research described in this paper therefore focused on analysing if climatic impacts are responsible for these variations. In a first step, climatic indicators, which are able to describe seasonal climatic variations in moderate climate regions, were derived. In a next step the correlation between summer and winter failure frequencies to these climatic indicators was analysed. The indicators taken into account were, e.g. the decisive freezing index (DFI), the summer rain deficit (RDs) or the amount of successive hot days (AHD). The research has shown that in all investigated climatic zones of Austria, the severity of the winter season influences failure frequencies. A dependency between winter failure frequency and the DFI was significant especially for rigid material types and for diameters up to 200 mm. So far, soil moisture effects have only shown a slight significance. Nevertheless, the indicator AHD has shown a correlation to failure frequencies in the dryer climate zones of Austria. This is of further interest as it is very likely that the AHD is going to increase due to climate change.

scholarly journals The structure and functional profile of ruminal microbiota in young and adult reindeers (Rangifer tarandus) consuming natural winter-spring and summer-autumn seasonal diets

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12389
Author(s):  
Elena Yildirim ◽  
Larisa Ilina ◽  
Georgy Laptev ◽  
Valentina Filippova ◽  
Evgeni Brazhnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ruminal Microbiota

Background The key natural area of Russian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, Nenets breed) is arctic zones, with severe climatic conditions and scarce feed resources, especially in the cold winter season. The adaptation of reindeer to these conditions is associated not only with the genetic potential of the animal itself. The rumen microbiome provides significant assistance in adapting animals to difficult conditions by participating in the fiber digestion. The aim of our study is to investigate the taxonomy and predicted metabolic pathways of the ruminal microbiota (RM) during the winter–spring (WS) and summer–autumn (SA) seasons, in calves and adult reindeer inhabiting the natural pastures of the Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous District of the Russian Federation. Methods The RM in reindeer was studied using the Next Generation Sequencing method with the MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) platform. Reconstruction and prediction of functional profiles of the metagenome, gene families, and enzymes were performed using the software package PICRUSt2 (v.2.3.0). Results The nutritional value of WS and SA diets significantly differed. Crude fiber content in the WS diet was higher by 22.4% (p < 0.05), compared to SA, indicating possibly poorer digestibility and necessity of the adaptation of the RM to this seasonal change. A total of 22 bacterial superphyla and phyla were found in the rumen, superphylum Bacteroidota and phylum Firmicutes being the dominating taxa (up to 48.1% ± 4.30% and 46.1% ± 4.80%, respectively); while only two archaeal phyla presented as minor communities (no more then 0.54% ± 0.14% totally). The percentages of the dominating taxa were not affected by age or season. However, significant changes in certain minor communities were found, with seasonal changes being more significant than age-related ones. The percentage of phylum Actinobacteriota significantly increased (19.3-fold) in SA, compared to WS (p = 0.02) in adults, and the percentage of phylum Cyanobacteria increased up to seven-fold (p = 0.002) in adults and calves. Seasonal changes in RM can improve the ability of reindeer to withstand the seasons characterized by a low availability of nutrients. The PICRUSt2 results revealed 257 predicted metabolic pathways in RM: 41 pathways were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by season and/or age, including the processes of synthesis of vitamins, volatile fatty acids, and pigments; metabolism of protein, lipids, and energy; pathogenesis, methanogenesis, butanediol to pyruvate biosynthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, degradation of neurotransmitters, lactic acid fermentation, and biosynthesis of nucleic acids. A large part of these changeable pathways (13 of 41) was related to the synthesis of vitamin K homologues. Conclusion The results obtained improve our knowledge on the structure and possible metabolic pathways of the RM in reindeer, in relation to seasonal changes.

scholarly journals Changes in Air Temperature and Snow Cover in Winter in Poland

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz M. Tomczyk ◽  
Ewa Bednorz ◽  
Katarzyna Szyga-Pluta
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cover Depth ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Cover Depth

The primary objective of the paper was to characterize the climatic conditions in the winter season in Poland in the years 1966/67–2019/20. The study was based on daily values of minimum (Tmin) and maximum air temperature (Tmax), and daily values of snow cover depth. The study showed an increase in both Tmin and Tmax in winter. The most intensive changes were recorded in north-eastern and northern regions. The coldest winters were recorded in the first half of the analyzed multiannual period, exceptionally cold being winters 1969/70 and 1984/85. The warmest winters occurred in the second half of the analyzed period and among seasons with the highest mean Tmax, particularly winters 2019/20 and 1989/90 stood out. In the study period, a decrease in snow cover depth statistically significant in the majority of stations in Poland was determined, as well as its variability both within the winter season and multiannual.

Field survey on frost damage to roof tiles under climatic conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiemi Iba ◽  
Ayumi Ueda ◽  
Shuichi Hokoi
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Roof Tile ◽  
Deterioration Process ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – Frost damage is well-known as the main cause of roof tile deterioration. The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytical model for predicting the deterioration process under certain climatic conditions. This paper describes the results of a field survey conducted to acquire fundamental information useful to this aim. Design/methodology/approach – A field survey of roof tile damage by freezing was conducted in an old temple precinct in Kyoto, Japan. Using detailed observations and photographic recordings, the damage progress was clarified. To examine the impact of climatic conditions upon the damage characteristics, weather data and roof tile temperatures were measured and logged in the winter season. Findings – The deterioration process was observed under the climatic conditions associated with the measured temperature of the roof tiles. In particular, it was revealed that the orientation has a significant influence on increasing or decreasing the risk of frost damage. For certain distinctive forms of damage, the deterioration mechanisms were estimated from the viewpoint of the moisture flow and temperature distribution in the tile. Originality/value – This study contributes to the elucidation of the mechanism behind frost damage to roof tiles. The findings will guide the construction of a numerical model for frost damage prediction.

Earthquake in Papua New Guinea Results in New Concept for Securing Pipelines in Ridgeline Right-of-Way: The Micropile Contiguous Wall

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Ladenhauf ◽  
Frank Remmert ◽  
Christoph Prager ◽  
Rhyssheffer Birthwright ◽  
Daniel Cushing
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Alpine Region ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Slope Stabilization ◽  
Earthquake Loads ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Wall System

Abstract On February 25 (UTC), 2018, the project, a combine of wellpads, gathering lines, transport pipelines and its facilities, sustained a Mw7.5 earthquake, and ca. 300 aftershocks, epicentered directly under the key facilities. Around 150 km of high-pressure gas and condensate pipelines were affected. A number of design and construction decisions protected the pipelines, and prevented serious damage. However, the earthquake disturbed several sections of the pipeline Right-of-Way (ROW), which subsequently required intervention and stabilization. The challenges associated with re-occupying the remotely-situated, mountainous and disturbed ROW, and safely installing stabilization structures, led to the development of a new pipeline stabilization concept: the contiguous Micropile-Wall system. The concept, leveraging tools and techniques from the tunneling industry, and practices from the Alpine region, consists of 139.7 mm micro piles, installed in 3 m joints, in rows along either side of the pipeline. Once installed, opposing rows of these micropiles are attached to each other at ground level with steel tendons. This new concept can be installed using light equipment with minimal vibration and ground disturbance. It is designed to sustain significant earthquake loads, does not retain groundwater, and is resistant to corrosion and third-party damage. This concept was developed and selected in order to repair parts of the damaged ROW and ensure pipe integrity. Future deterioration of the adjacent slopes was taken into account, but slope stabilization for several dozens of landslides was not looked into, as this would have been too large an effort considering the remoteness of the terrain, climatic conditions, safety considerations and other constraints.

Analysis of Plug Drilling and Stuck Pipe Performance Metrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Brown ◽  
Brian Gunby
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Performance Statistics

Abstract A large collection of data recorded during coiled tubing (CT) operations has been analyzed using proprietary pattern recognition algorithms to identify downhole events with a high degree of confidence. These events include the drilling of plugs and stuck pipe incidents. Key performance indicator (KPI) metrics derived from this analysis provide insight into industry trends over time and by region, and can provide useful performance benchmarks for service providers and operator companies. Depth, weight and pressure data from multiple sources has been streamed and stored on a shared platform over a five year period, creating a record of over 39,000 data files. This data was processed to generate KPI-type statistics for over 500,000 detected plugs and 760 possible stuck pipe scenarios, based on analysis of depth and weight signatures. Using surface measurements to quantify downhole events has some limitations, but the method has proven sufficiently robust to allow useful trends to be observed and evaluated. While the analysis is confidential to the parties involved, a contributing company can compare their ‘performance’ statistics (as evaluated by the third party algorithms) against averages representative of the industry at large, arranged by year and geographic region, to identify areas of relative strength or weakness. An operator company can likewise compare metrics for different service providers (derived solely from jobs performed for their company) for those which elect to share data in this fashion. This paper presents statistics for plug drilling operations and stuck pipe incidents in North America between 2016-2020, a period of significant change in the CT industry. Examples show how average plug drilling times have generally decreased, with less frequent use of short trips and fewer pipe cycles. The data shows that, for some companies, faster operations have come at the expense of more frequent or severe stuck pipe incidents, whereas other companies have experienced fewer such problems. This comparative analysis illustrates how downhole outcomes can be deduced from surface measurements, and resulting performance metrics can vary widely between companies, fields and geographic regions.

Fonctionnement sympodial continu et multiplication végétative chez l’Arum italicum

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nougarède ◽  
P. Rondet
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Base Plate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Asexual Multiplication ◽  
Storage Products ◽  
Bulbous Plant ◽  
Sympodial Growth ◽  
Arum Italicum

The vegetative and floral development of Arum italicum Mill. displays no resting period under western European climatic conditions. Between two flowering seasons several sympodial units ending with an inflorescence are successively built. The meristem of each new unit is generally initiated in the axil of a sagittate leaf of the preceding unit but it can also grow in a nonaxillary position at the base of the meristem. The leaves of the first unit spend the winter season above the ground. Their petiole sheaths surround all the later sympodial units. On each sympodial unit a number of axillary buds give rise to tunicated bulbils which provide for the asexual multiplication of the species. The ontogeny of the bulbils on the mother plant and their behaviour after they become autonomous are described, as well as those of young plantlets grown from seed germination. In rhizomes, bulbils, and plantlets the shoot apex is in close contact with a subapical region (base plate) built from interlocked leaf or scale bases which are rich in storage products. This base plate will give rise to a new rhizome. Although Arum italicum has a tuberous rhizome with sympodial growth, it has nevertheless some characters of a bulbous plant (base plate and bulbils) but it differs from it by continuous growth and development and the lack of dormancy of the bulbils.

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