Distribution of moisture and salinity under deficit irrigation and irrigation water salinity in an alternative trickle irrigation system of tape

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-402
Author(s):  
Jahangir Abedi-Koupai ◽  
Mojtaba Khoshravesh ◽  
Mohammad Ebrahim Zanganeh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Salinity Levels

This study was performed to investigate the horizontal and vertical distribution of soil moisture and salinity using an alternative trickle irrigation system of drip tape. Four main treatments consisting of 100, 80, 70, and 60% of the plants’ water requirements and three sub-treatments of 2.1, 4.6, and 10.2 dS/m, were conducted. Following irrigation, the soil moisture and salinity distribution around the emitters were measured every 24 h. The results showed that the accumulation of salts in the soil reduced the evaporation from the soil surface in treatments with high salinity. Therefore, in treatments with a low plant water requirement and high salinity levels, the volume of water in the soil is greater than in treatments with a high plant water requirement and low salinity levels. Although the crop yield is reduced with deficit irrigation, the saved water can be used to increase the area under cultivation, leading to increases in the overall crop yield.

LYSIMETERS WITH RAINFALL AND SOIL WATER CONTROL

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. KRISTENSEN ◽  
H. C. ASLYNG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Radiation Equipment ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Growth Experiments

The lysimeter installation described comprises 36 concrete tanks each with a soil surface of 4 m2. The installation is useful for plant growth experiments under natural conditions involving different treatment combined with various controlled water supplies. The ground installation is at least 20 cm below the soil surface and tillage can be done with field implements. The lysimeter tanks are provided with a drainage system which can drain the soil at the bottom (100 cm depth) to a tension of up to 100 cm. A constant ground-water table at less than 100 cm soil depth can also be maintained. The soil moisture content at different depths is determined from an underground tunnel by use of gamma radiation equipment in metal tubes horizontally installed in the soil. Rainfall is prevented by a movable glass roof automatically operated and controlled by a special rain sensor. Water is applied to the soil surface with a special trickle irrigation system consisting of a set of plastic tubes for each lysimeter tank and controlled from the tunnel. Fertilizers in controlled amount can be applied with the irrigation water.

scholarly journals Soil moisture heterogeneity regulates water use in Populus nigra L. by altering root and xylem sap phytohormone concentrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 762-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Puértolas ◽  
Marta Pardos ◽  
Carlos de Ollas ◽  
Alfonso Albacete ◽  
Ian C Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Populus Nigra ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Soil Moisture Heterogeneity

Abstract Soil moisture heterogeneity in the root zone is common both during the establishment of tree seedlings and in experiments aiming to impose semi-constant soil moisture deficits, but its effects on regulating plant water use compared with homogenous soil drying are not well known in trees. Pronounced vertical soil moisture heterogeneity was imposed on black poplar (Populus nigra L.) grown in soil columns by altering irrigation frequency, to test whether plant water use, hydraulic responses, root phytohormone concentrations and root xylem sap chemical composition differed between wet (well-watered, WW), and homogeneously (infrequent deficit irrigation, IDI) and heterogeneously dry soil (frequent deficit irrigation, FDI). At the same bulk soil water content, FDI plants had greater water use than IDI plants, probably because root abscisic acid (ABA) concentration was low in the upper wetter layer of FDI plants, which maintained root xylem sap ABA concentration at basal levels in contrast with IDI. Soil drying did not increase root xylem concentration of any other hormone. Nevertheless, plant-to-plant variation in xylem jasmonic acid (JA) concentration was negatively related to leaf stomatal conductance within WW and FDI plants. However, feeding detached leaves with high (1200 nM) JA concentrations via the transpiration stream decreased transpiration only marginally. Xylem pH and sulphate concentration decreased in FDI plants compared with well-watered plants. Frequent deficit irrigation increased root accumulation of the cytokinin trans-zeatin (tZ), especially in the dry lower layer, and of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), in the wet upper soil layer. Root hormone accumulation might explain the maintenance of high root hydraulic conductance and water use in FDI plants (similar to well-watered plants) compared with IDI plants. In irrigated tree crops, growers could vary irrigation scheduling to control water use by altering the hormone balance.

Modelling soil moisture and assessing its impacts on water sharing and crop yield for the Wadi Laba spate irrigation system, Eritrea

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Mehari ◽  
Bart Schultz ◽  
Herman Depeweg ◽  
Pieter de Laat
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
Spate Irrigation

COMBINED IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION IN ARID ZONES

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzi Kafkafi
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
High Calcium

Sand dunes and highly calcareous soils occupy vast areas in arid zones. The soils are characterized by low available nutrient content and low to medium water-holding capacity of the upper soil surface. These features result in low vegetation density under arid climate conditions. The introduction of trickle irrigation coupled with liquid fertilizers turned desert sand dunes and highly calcareous soils into productive agricultural soils for high cash crops. The intensity of daily nutrient supply dictates the farmer's consideration of the form of nitrogen supplied to the crop and to the variable sensitivity of plants to the different forms of N supplied by various fertilizers through the irrigation system. The combination of high root temperature and high ammonium concentration is of particular importance. Plants that have relatively low carbohydrate content in their roots might suffer from ammonia toxicity if a high daily supply of ammonium is available. High concentrations of urea and very high calcium carbonate content in the soil are also dangerous to ammonium- sensitive plants like tomatoes. Planning the irrigation system and nutrient supply to the crops according to their physiological stage of development, and consideration of the soil and climate characteristics, can give high yields and high quality crops with minimum pollution, but salt accumulation on the soil surface should be prevented, either by sprinkle irrigation, or by plastic mulch during the growing season.

scholarly journals Influences of deficit irrigation on soil water content distribution and spring wheat growth in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 3722-3729
Author(s):  
Ling Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Wheat Growth

Abstract In order to develop a water-saving irrigation system for spring wheat, field experiments were conducted on the deficit irrigation of spring wheat in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia. Through measurement of soil moisture content, the spring wheat growth and yield index, the influences of deficit irrigation on soil moisture distribution and spring wheat growth were studied. Results showed that, in the soil layers 0–100 cm below the ground, the soil moisture content under full irrigation at 100% ETc (ETc denotes actual water demanded by crops) and that under deficit irrigation at 80% ETc increased with the increase of soil layer depth; specifically, soil moisture under deficit irrigation at 60% ETc was mainly distributed in the subsurface layer (20–40 cm) and the middle layer (40–60 cm). The spring wheat yield was not greatly influenced by the deficit irrigation at 80% ETc, showing a decrease of merely 5–13% compared with that under full irrigation, while deficit irrigation at 60% ETc had greater impact on the growth and yield of spring wheat, cutting the yield by 10–37% in comparison with that under full irrigation. In the study area, the deficit irrigation treatment at 80% ETc was adopted, wherein the irrigation norm in the growth period was 288 mm. This irrigation system had little adverse impact on spring wheat growth and yield, and therefore, water-saving irrigation could be realized.

scholarly journals Investigation of rootzone salinity with field monitoring system at tsunami affected rice fields in Miyagi, Japan

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ieyasu Tokumoto ◽  
Katsumi Chiba ◽  
Masaru Mizoguchi ◽  
Hideki Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Saltwater Intrusion ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Monitoring ◽  
Aquifer Management ◽  
Miyagi Prefecture

Abstract. After the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, thirteen thousand hectares of farmlands were damaged by massive Tsunami near coastal sites in Miyagi, Japan. Some eighty percent of the damaged farmlands have been recovered in 2014, but subsidence and high salinity groundwater make it difficult to completely remove salinity from the soil. To solve the problem, management of saltwater intrusion plays an important role in rootzone salinity control with the Field Monitoring System (FMS), which is remote sensing technology of wireless real-time soil data through the internet data sever to investigate high soil moisture and high salinity in tsunami affected fields. Using the FMS with the time domain transmission system, we monitored soil moisture, electrical conductivity (EC), groundwater level, and EC of groundwater at tsunami damaged paddy fields. The field measurements of the FMS were conducted at two sites of tsunami damaged farmlands in Iwanuma and Higashimatsushima of Miyagi prefecture, Japan. After the Tohoku disaster, co-seismic subsidence of 17–21 cm and 50–60 cm of the land was reported at the sites, respectively. Our findings were high EC of groundwater (> 35 dS m−1) due to intrusion of sea water into groundwater in 2013. Although the shallow groundwater provided salinity to the soil surface in 2014, the FEM allowed us to monitor high EC (< 6 dS m−1) even in saturated soil condition. Rainfall facilitated desalination process, but the saline groundwater level reached the soil surface after heavy rainfall, suggesting that coastal zone aquifer management is essential to prevent saltwater intrusion into groundwater.

Sodium chloride and soil texture interactions in irrigated field grown sultana grapevines. I. Yield and fruit quality

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
LD Prior ◽  
AM Grieve ◽  
BR Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Theoretical Yield ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Salinity Levels

The effects of the salinity of irrigation water on the productivity of mature grapevines was studied. We injected NaCl solutions into River Murray water to generate five salinity levels ranging from 0.37 to 3.47 dS m-l, with sodium adsorption ratios of between 2 and 37. These treatments were applied through a trickle irrigation system for six years to own-rooted sultana grapevines growing in a vineyard at Dareton, N.S.W. The effect of irrigation water salinity was most severe on vines growing in the most heavily textured soil, and increased with time. The yield (y) response was well described by the generalized logistic function: y = D[1+(ECi/ECih)�]-1 where y is yield, ECi is salinity of irrigation water, D is the theoretical yield at ECi=0, Ecih is the half-effect ECi and a: is the shape parameter. Soil texture affected the response via an effect on ECih and, to a lesser extent, on �. These parameters were related to % (silt & clay) in the final model, which was fitted for each of years 2 to 6 and accounted for 76.2% of the variance in yield. The yield response on the lightest soil most closely resembled the Maas-Hoffman 'bent-stick' model, being relatively flat at low levels of ECi and becoming steeper at moderate salinity levels. Yield losses for heavy soils were much greater than predicted by the Maas-Hoffman model. Bunch number was the primary determinant of yield, while a lower berry weight also contributed to the reduction in yield in salinised vines. Effects on dried fruit quality were apparent only when yield was severely reduced.

scholarly journals Comparison of nitrogen application via a trickle irrigation system with surface banding of granular fertilizer on red raspberry

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko ◽  
J. C. W. Keng ◽  
J. A. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

A field trial compared applications of ammonium nitrate N as soil-surface bands of granular fertilizer with applications as a solution through a trickle irrigation system (i.e., fertigation) on yield, plant growth and end-of-season extractable soil inorganic nitrogen of red raspberries (Rubus idaeous L.). The granular application was made once in early spring, and the fertigation was scheduled as eight weekly applications from early to late spring in each of 4 successive years. Three rates of N (33, 67 and 134 kg N ha−1) were applied by both methods and a zero N control was also included. The N treatments had relatively small effects on berry yields, being significant in the last 2 years (1988 and 1989) only. Applications of granular N resulted in equal or greater yields than the control, whereas the fertigation method resulted in equal or lower yields than the control. Granular applications tended to enhance cane growth and N concentrations in the fruiting cluster, laterals and leaves of fruiting canes. Leaching of N during the growing season was greater with the fertigation than with the granular method of application. The poorer performance of fertigation relative to granular application of N was due to the timing of application in relation to crop requirement. Raspberries require a majority of their N early in the growing season. The utility of applying fertilizer N via irrigation systems on crops such as raspberry in climatic regions where water deficits do not usually occur early in the growing season, as in coastal British Columbia, is limited. Key words: Fertigation, soil N, yield, soil inorganic N, leaching, Rubus idaeous L.

Use of a trickle irrigation system to distribute entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) for the control of weevil pests (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of strawberries

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Curran ◽  
V Patel
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Otiorhynchus Sulcatus

An established trickle irrigation system was used to distribute entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Phlyctinus callosus in a commercial strawberry planting. This technique facilitated the rapid distribution of the nematodes to strawberry plants grown under plastic mulch. Variation in the distribution of nematodes was observed, both within the treatment area and on the soil surface immediately after application. Four weeks after the application of 48 000 and 80 000 infective stage Heterorhabditis heliothidis per plant, weevil survival (mean number of live larvae and pupae) was reduced by 59% and 25% compared with untreated plants.

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