scholarly journals Comparison of nitrogen application via a trickle irrigation system with surface banding of granular fertilizer on red raspberry

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko ◽  
J. C. W. Keng ◽  
J. A. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

A field trial compared applications of ammonium nitrate N as soil-surface bands of granular fertilizer with applications as a solution through a trickle irrigation system (i.e., fertigation) on yield, plant growth and end-of-season extractable soil inorganic nitrogen of red raspberries (Rubus idaeous L.). The granular application was made once in early spring, and the fertigation was scheduled as eight weekly applications from early to late spring in each of 4 successive years. Three rates of N (33, 67 and 134 kg N ha−1) were applied by both methods and a zero N control was also included. The N treatments had relatively small effects on berry yields, being significant in the last 2 years (1988 and 1989) only. Applications of granular N resulted in equal or greater yields than the control, whereas the fertigation method resulted in equal or lower yields than the control. Granular applications tended to enhance cane growth and N concentrations in the fruiting cluster, laterals and leaves of fruiting canes. Leaching of N during the growing season was greater with the fertigation than with the granular method of application. The poorer performance of fertigation relative to granular application of N was due to the timing of application in relation to crop requirement. Raspberries require a majority of their N early in the growing season. The utility of applying fertilizer N via irrigation systems on crops such as raspberry in climatic regions where water deficits do not usually occur early in the growing season, as in coastal British Columbia, is limited. Key words: Fertigation, soil N, yield, soil inorganic N, leaching, Rubus idaeous L.

LYSIMETERS WITH RAINFALL AND SOIL WATER CONTROL

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. KRISTENSEN ◽  
H. C. ASLYNG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Radiation Equipment ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Growth Experiments

The lysimeter installation described comprises 36 concrete tanks each with a soil surface of 4 m2. The installation is useful for plant growth experiments under natural conditions involving different treatment combined with various controlled water supplies. The ground installation is at least 20 cm below the soil surface and tillage can be done with field implements. The lysimeter tanks are provided with a drainage system which can drain the soil at the bottom (100 cm depth) to a tension of up to 100 cm. A constant ground-water table at less than 100 cm soil depth can also be maintained. The soil moisture content at different depths is determined from an underground tunnel by use of gamma radiation equipment in metal tubes horizontally installed in the soil. Rainfall is prevented by a movable glass roof automatically operated and controlled by a special rain sensor. Water is applied to the soil surface with a special trickle irrigation system consisting of a set of plastic tubes for each lysimeter tank and controlled from the tunnel. Fertilizers in controlled amount can be applied with the irrigation water.

The role of seed reproduction in the dynamics of established populations of Hieracium floribundum and a comparison with that of vegetative reproduction

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (24) ◽  
pp. 3022-3031 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
H. M. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Density Patch

In the crowded parts of patches of Hieracium floribundum Wimm. and Grab., which were established for at least a decade in an ungrazed pasture, 7–10% of the population (3700 individuals/m2) flowered. Of the plants that flowered, 94% were alive a year later, but only 5% of these flowered. Abortion of flower heads was common; one half of all those which were initiated in early June had aborted by flowering time in early July. Freshly dispersed seed had a viability of 57%, which was reduced to 17% a year later, after its storage close to the soil surface. Less than 6% of the viable seed was innately dormant. Dry, laboratory-stored seed retained its viability for the year but was slower to germinate than soil-stored seed. In field conditions, germination was temperature inhibited during most of the growing season. Maximum daytime microsite temperatures of less than 32 °C, which is necessary for germination, were found to occur only in early spring and late fall. Successful seedling establishment accounts for 1% of the individuals in a crowded population. Based on the maximum sexual reproduction from plants in crowded populations, a seed has a probability of 1 in 20 000 of becoming an established seedling. A model of population dynamics in a high-density patch traces the fate of seedling establishment, surviving adults, and stolon-derived rosettes for a single year.

COMBINED IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION IN ARID ZONES

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzi Kafkafi
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
High Calcium

Sand dunes and highly calcareous soils occupy vast areas in arid zones. The soils are characterized by low available nutrient content and low to medium water-holding capacity of the upper soil surface. These features result in low vegetation density under arid climate conditions. The introduction of trickle irrigation coupled with liquid fertilizers turned desert sand dunes and highly calcareous soils into productive agricultural soils for high cash crops. The intensity of daily nutrient supply dictates the farmer's consideration of the form of nitrogen supplied to the crop and to the variable sensitivity of plants to the different forms of N supplied by various fertilizers through the irrigation system. The combination of high root temperature and high ammonium concentration is of particular importance. Plants that have relatively low carbohydrate content in their roots might suffer from ammonia toxicity if a high daily supply of ammonium is available. High concentrations of urea and very high calcium carbonate content in the soil are also dangerous to ammonium- sensitive plants like tomatoes. Planning the irrigation system and nutrient supply to the crops according to their physiological stage of development, and consideration of the soil and climate characteristics, can give high yields and high quality crops with minimum pollution, but salt accumulation on the soil surface should be prevented, either by sprinkle irrigation, or by plastic mulch during the growing season.

scholarly journals Seasonal patterns and related microclimatic drivers of soil inorganic nitrogen in an urban montane cloud forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Alberto Dominguez-Eusebio ◽  
Oscar Luis Briones ◽  
Yareni Perroni
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Montane Cloud Forest ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Rural Forest ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Abstract Understanding the matter and energy dynamics in environments with strong human influence is essential since it allows us to know relevant ecological drivers in urban green land areas. It has been hypothesized that biogeochemical cycles in urban forests are more open (susceptible to nutrients soil losses) with respect to rural forests near cities. However, it is not clear if this ecosystem function occurs in the same way in systems from different latitudes. Soil nutrient dynamics and microclimatic conditions of an urban and a nearby rural montane cloud forest were registered from January 2016 to July 2017. Our objective was to compare edaphic and micro-climatic factors that drive soil inorganic N dynamics in these forests. Climate was slightly cooler and drier, and soil C, N, P and organic matter were lower in the urban than the rural forest. Seasonal soil inorganic N forms were related to above ground conditions in the urban forest, but to the belowground conditions in the rural forest. Consistently low NH4:NO3 ratio indicated high susceptibility to N soil loss in the urban forest. Our results support the hypothesis that urban cloud forests are functioning as open ecosystems in contrast to the rural forests.

scholarly journals Fresh Market Tomato Yield and Soil Nitrogen as Affected by Tillage, Cover Cropping, and Nitrogen Fertilization

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1258-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidat Yaffa ◽  
Bharat P. Singh ◽  
Upendra M. Sainju ◽  
K.C. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Sustainable practices are needed in vegetable production to maintain yield and to reduce the potential for soil erosion and N leaching. We examined the effects of tillage [no-till (NT), chisel plowing (CP), and moldboard plowing (MP)], cover cropping [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) vs. winter weeds], N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg·ha-1 N), and date of sampling on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yield, N uptake, and soil inorganic N in a Norfolk sandy loam in Fort Valley, Ga. for 2 years. Yield was greater with CP and MP than with NT in 1996 and was greater with 90 and 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N in 1996 and 1997. Similarly, aboveground tomato biomass (dry weight of stems + leaves + fruits) and N uptake were greater with CP and MP than with NT from 40 to 118 days after transplanting (DAT) in 1996; greater with hairy vetch than with winter weeds at 82 DAT in 1997; and greater with 90 or 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N at 97 DAT in 1996 and at 82 DAT in 1997. Soil inorganic N was greater with NT or CP than with MP at 0- to 10-cm depth at 0 and 30 DAT in 1996; greater with hairy vetch than with winter weeds at 0- to 10-cm and at 10- to 30-cm at 0 DAT in 1996 and 1997, respectively; and greater with 90 or 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N from 30 to 116 DAT in 1996 and 1997. Levels of soil inorganic N and tomato N uptake indicated that N release from cover crop residues was synchronized with N need by tomato, and that N fertilization should be done within 8 weeks of transplanting. Similar tomato yield, biomass, and N uptake with CP vs. MP and with 90 vs. 180 kg·ha-1 N suggests that minimum tillage, such as CP, and 90 kg·ha-1 N can better sustain tomato yield and reduce potentials for soil erosion and N leaching than can conventional tillage, such as MP, and 180 kg·ha-1 N, respectively. Because of increased vegetative cover in the winter, followed by increased mulch and soil N in the summer, hairy vetch can reduce the potential for soil erosion and the amount of N fertilization required for tomato better than can winter weeds.

Changes with time in the germination of buried scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat) seeds

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Bowes ◽  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank

Change with time in the germination of scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat) seeds was investigated. Seeds were placed in nylon net bags, buried 7 cm deep in soil, exhumed at monthly intervals for 2 yr and allowed to germinate in temperature regimes of 10/2 °C, 20/5 °C, 25/10 °C and 35/20 °C (16/8 h), simulating temperatures found during early spring or late fall, spring or fall, summer and mid-summer on the soil surface, respectively. Exhumed and refrigerator-stored (2 °C) check seeds exhibited no yearly dormancy/nondormancy germination cycle, but mortality of buried seed increased to 36%, after 10 mo in contrast with that of the check seeds which remained low for two years. Light was required for germination during the first year but was not required for a portion of the seed during the second year. The retention of viability in buried seed explains the persistent seed bank and seedling emergence throughout the growing season when moisture and temperature are nonlimiting. Key words: Seed burial, germination, Matricaria perforata Mérat

Studies on calcium cyanamide. IV. The use of calcium cyanamide and other forms of nitrogen on grassland

1934 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Grassland Soil ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Soil Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Calcium Cyanamide ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Summary1. Ammonia added as sulphate of ammonia disappeared rapidly from a pasture grassland soil, while very little nitrate accumulated. In winter or early spring three-fourths of the added nitrogen had gone in less than 4 weeks. After the first fortnight there was little difference in the soil inorganic nitrogen from calcium cyanamide and from sulphate of ammonia. A moderate dressing of dicyanodiamide slightly reduced but did not inhibit nitrification; it did not appreciably retard the disappearance of inorganic nitrogen from the soil in winter.2. Winter applications of sulphate of ammonia produced less increase in yield or nitrogen content of repeatedly mown herbage than did spring ones. A late autumn application was almost as effective as a spring one. Calcium cyanamide in late autumn or early winter was on the whole less effective than sulphate of ammonia, but in spring the two were substantially equal. There was little evidence that calcium cyanamide was “slow acting” in comparison with sulphate of ammonia. Dicyanodiamide was practically inert so far as the effect of winter dressings on yield or nitrogen uptake was concerned.

In field survival of Rhizoctonia solani in soil and in diseased sugarbeets

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard J. Herr
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Inoculum Density ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Persistence of Rhizoctonia solani in the field was investigated by ascertaining survival (competitive saprophytic activity) in soil and survival in diseased plants. Except for one instance, low levels of R. solani survived overwinter in artificially and naturally infested soils. In a sandy loam soil, cropped to sugarbeets, inoculum density increased throughout the growing season from low early spring levels to high levels in July and August. In a silty clay soil, cropped to sugarbeets, inoculum density remained low with only a slight increase throughout the growing season. Survival of R. solani in diseased sugarbeets placed on the soil surface was greater than survival in diseased beets buried in soil. Little reduction in percentages of beets yielding R. solani colonies took place from November to April in either buried or unburied beets. The major reduction in survival of R. solani in buried beets occurred during the 6-week interval from April to June.

Use of a trickle irrigation system to distribute entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) for the control of weevil pests (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of strawberries

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Curran ◽  
V Patel
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Otiorhynchus Sulcatus

An established trickle irrigation system was used to distribute entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Phlyctinus callosus in a commercial strawberry planting. This technique facilitated the rapid distribution of the nematodes to strawberry plants grown under plastic mulch. Variation in the distribution of nematodes was observed, both within the treatment area and on the soil surface immediately after application. Four weeks after the application of 48 000 and 80 000 infective stage Heterorhabditis heliothidis per plant, weevil survival (mean number of live larvae and pupae) was reduced by 59% and 25% compared with untreated plants.

scholarly journals Extending Cover Crop Benefits with Zone Till Management in Northern Organic Summer Squash Production

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 983
Author(s):  
Peyton Ginakes ◽  
Julie M. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Winter annual legume cover crops often fail to reach full maturity by spring vegetable planting dates in northern climates, which prevents maximum nitrogen (N) contributions. To determine if delayed termination improved cover crop biomass and N content, we evaluated winter rye + hairy vetch (Secale cereale L. + Vicia villosa Roth) and oat + field pea (Avena sativa L. + Pisum sativum L.) cover crop mixtures in 2015 and 2016, and medium red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in 2016, in zone-tilled organic yellow crookneck squash (Cucurbita pepo var. torticollis Harz). In-row regions where cover crops were terminated in early spring during crop row preparation were compared to between-row regions where termination was delayed until legume maturation in late spring. Soil quality (soil inorganic N, permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), and potentially mineralizable N (PMN)) was also determined for in-row and between-row regions at four time points throughout the growing season. In 2015, winter rye + hairy vetch biomass N more than doubled between early and late termination times, with 120 and 258 kg N ha−1, respectively. Permanganate oxidizable C was not responsive to cover crop systems or tillage, and only slightly decreased over time in 2016. Soil inorganic N and PMN after cover crop termination in 2016 provided evidence of localized soil N cycling responses to cover crop termination in in-row and between-row regions. The extended growing period for cover crops between crop rows in the first several weeks of crop growth had no negative effect on crop yield, and appeared to enhance soil fertility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document