scholarly journals Nitrosamine formation from the oxidation of secondary amines

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Bond ◽  
Michael R. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Secondary Amines ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
And Control ◽  
By Products

The nitrosamines are potent carcinogens which can be formed as by-products during water treatment. Much recent research activity has been focussed upon the formation, occurrence and control of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in particular. In this study, seven secondary amines were oxidised by chlorine, ozone, and UV-irradiation, with and without post-chloramination, to quantify the effect on the formation of seven nitrosamines, including NDMA. While the yields of nitrosamines ranged from 0.01% for N-nitroso-di-n-butylamine (NDBA) to 2.01% for N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) under conditions of excess monochloramine at pH 7, yields from other oxidants were zero. Pre-oxidation with chlorine reduced nitrosamine formation by up to 83% compared with chloramination alone. This illustrates that in situations where secondary amines are key precursors, chlorine addition before ammonia during chloramination can be expected to limit nitrosamine formation. UV irradiation at 40 mJ cm−2 had little observed impact. Ozonation enhanced NDMA and N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) formation by subsequent chloramination to 7.48% and 10.15%, respectively.

Occurrence of haloacetic acids in chlorinated drinking water

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Treatment Practice ◽  
Stability And Control ◽  
Major Class ◽  
Chlorinated Drinking Water ◽  
And Control ◽  
By Products

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are a second major class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) arising from the chlorination of drinking water. They have not been studied as extensively as the trihalomethanes (THMs), but in many waters they are found at concentrations equal to, or greater than, the concentration of THMs. Health effects research suggests that some HAA species are more harmful than THM species. This paper summarizes a number of the author's recent investigations concerning the formation, occurrence, stability, and control of HAAs in chlorinated drinking water. A number of examples linking observations made under controlled laboratory conditions to field-scale observations are presented, and the significance of the findings to water treatment practice is discussed.

scholarly journals Disinfection by-products in desalinated and blend water: formation and control strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakhawat Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Desalinated Water ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Product Water ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
By Products

Abstract Desalinated seawater is the major source of drinking water in many countries. During desalination, several activities including pretreatment, desalination, stabilization, mixing, storage and distribution are performed. Few disinfectants are used during these activities to control the biofouling agents and microbiological regrowth. The reactions between the disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM), bromide and iodide form disinfection by-products (DBPs) in product water. The product water is stabilized and mixed with treated freshwater (e.g., groundwater) to meet the domestic water demands. The DBPs in desalinated and blend water are an issue due to their possible cancer and non-cancer risks to humans. In this paper, formation and distribution of DBPs in different steps of desalination and water distribution systems prior to reaching the consumer tap were reviewed. The variability of DBPs among different sources and desalination processes was explained. The toxicities of DBPs were compared and the strategies to control DBPs in desalinated water were proposed. Several research directions were identified to achieve comprehensive control on DBPs in desalinated water, which are likely to protect humans from the adverse consequences of DBPs.

scholarly journals Lifecycle Design of Disruptive SCADA Systems for Waste-Water Treatment Installations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4950
Author(s):  
Stelian Brad ◽  
Mircea Murar ◽  
Grigore Vlad ◽  
Emilia Brad ◽  
Mariuța Popanton
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Scada System ◽  
Scada Systems ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lifecycle Design

Capacity to remotely monitor and control systems for waste-water treatment and to provide real time and trustworthy data of system’s behavior to various stakeholders is of high relevance. SCADA systems are used to undertake this job. SCADA solutions are usually conceptualized and designed with a major focus on technological integrability and functionality. Very little contributions are brought to optimize these systems with respect to a mix of target functions, especially considering a lifecycle perspective. In this paper, we propose a structured methodology for optimizing SCADA systems from a lifecycle perspective for the specific case of waste-water treatment units. The methodology embeds techniques for handling entropy in the design process and to assist engineers in designing effective solutions in a space with multiple constrains and conflicts. Evolutionary multiple optimization algorithms are used to handle this challenge. After the foundation of the theoretical model calibrated for the specific case of waste-water treatment units, a practical example illustrates its applicability. It is shown how the model can lead to a disruptive solution, which integrates cloud computing, IoT, and data analytics in the SCADA system, with some competitive advantages in terms of flexibility, cost effectiveness, and increased value added for both integrators and beneficiaries.

scholarly journals Formation and Control of C- and N-DBPs during Disinfection of Filter Backwash and Sedimentation Sludge Water in Drinking Water Treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 116964
Author(s):  
Yunkun Qian ◽  
Yanan Chen ◽  
Yue Hu ◽  
David Hanigan ◽  
Paul Westerhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
C And N ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals The occurrence and control of waterborne viruses in drinking water treatment: a review

Chemosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 130728
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Yang Deng ◽  
Shengkun Dong ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Pan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Waterborne Viruses ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals The Integrated Project for the Redevelopment of a Historic Building

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-282
Author(s):  
Liala Baiardi ◽  
Emerson A. M. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
And Control ◽  
Building Project

In a scenario influenced by innovation and new technologies such as the internet of things (IoT) that have projected us towards industry 4.0, the digital revolution has involved the construction sector and the entire building process. This research activity aims to deepen the tools at the base of the design and management processes to an effective development and respect for the environment. The text will illustrate the example of redevelopment of an existing building in response to new market needs and in line with the circular economy vision. The redevelopment foresees the integrated development of the architectural building project and the management of the building during his entire life cycle. The innovation authors intend to achieve aims to combine building automation with the quality of life through management techniques that exploit the best use of space and control of the eco-system of the building and the services provided.

scholarly journals Formation of DBPs in the drinking eater of Athens, Greece: a Ten-Year study

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu

The formation of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in drinking water results from the reaction of chlorine or other disinfectants added to the water with naturally occurring organic materials, and has raised concerns during the last decades because these compounds are harmful for human health. During the present work, the formation of different categories of DBPs was investigated in four water treatment plants (WTP) using chlorine as disinfectant, and in selected points of the distribution network of Athens, Greece, which is supplied from these four WTP, during a period of ten years. The concentrations of DBPs were generally low and the annual mean concentrations always well below the regulatory limit of the European Union (EU) for the total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). The haloacetic acids (HAAs) have not been regulated in the EU, but during this investigation they often occurred in significant levels, sometimes exceeding the levels of TTHMs, which highlights the importance of their monitoring in drinking water. Apart from THMs and HAAs, several other DBPs species were detected at much lower concentrations in the chlorinated waters: chloral hydrate, haloketones and, in a limited number of cases, haloacetonitriles.

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