scholarly journals Formation of DBPs in the drinking eater of Athens, Greece: a Ten-Year study

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu

The formation of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in drinking water results from the reaction of chlorine or other disinfectants added to the water with naturally occurring organic materials, and has raised concerns during the last decades because these compounds are harmful for human health. During the present work, the formation of different categories of DBPs was investigated in four water treatment plants (WTP) using chlorine as disinfectant, and in selected points of the distribution network of Athens, Greece, which is supplied from these four WTP, during a period of ten years. The concentrations of DBPs were generally low and the annual mean concentrations always well below the regulatory limit of the European Union (EU) for the total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). The haloacetic acids (HAAs) have not been regulated in the EU, but during this investigation they often occurred in significant levels, sometimes exceeding the levels of TTHMs, which highlights the importance of their monitoring in drinking water. Apart from THMs and HAAs, several other DBPs species were detected at much lower concentrations in the chlorinated waters: chloral hydrate, haloketones and, in a limited number of cases, haloacetonitriles.

Removal of viruses and disinfection by-products at two drinking water treatment plants in southern China

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Yuanyuan Wei ◽  
Zhexue Quan ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
By Products

Variation of Disinfection By-Products Formation Potential Species at Several Stages of Drinking Water Treatment Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 337-340
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Bin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Formation Potential ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Water Plants ◽  
By Products

The variation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) at several stages of drinking water treatment plants was investigated in two drinking water plants. The results clearly indicate that the low molecular weight total organic carbon (TOC) which has been identified as primary precursor for chlorinated DBPs was difficult to remove by coagulation. Plant A which used conventional coagulation/sedimentation could not decrease the species of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) formation potential. Biological activated carbon (BAC) was applied in Plant B which removed the maximum amount of TOC, while more kinds of microbial products were produced in BAC unit which could be the potential precursors of DBPs. Therefore, the species of DBPs formation potential still increased in the treatment processes of Plant B. Because different components of organic precursors produced different DBPs species, the processes of Plant B could decrease TOC efficiently but the species of THMs and HAAs formation potential.

Factors Influencing the Formation of Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids in Source Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gai Mei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
By Products

Humic acid and aromatic organic compounds (AOCs) detected generally in source water recently could react with chlorine during drinking water treatment process to generate disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). To simulate the real contaminated water, in the samples containing humic acid, 1,3-benzenediol, 1,4-benzenediol, 1,2-benzenediol, phenol and benzoic acid as representative AOCs were added to conduct chlorination test in order to analyze the impacts of some factors on the formation of THMs and HAAs. The research results indicated that THMs concentration increased with pH but HAAs concentration decreased with pH, and chlorine time, temperature and chlorine dosage all had the functional relationships with the formation of THMs and HAAs. These results could provide the valuable information for the effective control of DBPs during drinking water treatment operation.

scholarly journals International Insertion Quality: the European Union (EU-27) Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Eduardo Terán-Yépez ◽  
Andrea Guerrero-Mora
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The One ◽  
Technological Intensity ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Qualitative Changes

.This research has a double aim. On the one hand, to introduce the International Insertion Quality (IIQ) construct. On the other hand, to present a classification of the European Union (EU-27) countries to establish which of them have a better IIQ. For this purpose, first, the IIQ construct is presented. Second, the evolution of the exports technological intensity degree of the EU-27 countries between the periods 2001-2003 and 2015-2017 is analyzed. Then, the evolution of the exports' diversification degree, both, by products and by destination markets in the same periods, is studied. This allows to observe in perspective the qualitative changes that have taken place between the two reference periods. In addition, a classification matrix of countries according to their quality of insertion in international trade is presented. The results allow arguing that Germany and France are the countries that have a higher IIQ. Also, there are nations that have a high technological content, but moderate markets diversification and/or products concentration; and other countries that have geographical and/or goods diversification, despite the fact that their exports contain a medium-low-level of technological intensity. This research allows concluding which EU-27 countries should work on their commercial policies to encourage the diversification of their exports and/or the development of products with greater technological content.

Formation of chlorination by-products in drinking water treatment plants using breakpoint chlorination

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 104008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dávid Stefán ◽  
Norbert Erdélyi ◽  
Bálint Izsák ◽  
Gyula Záray ◽  
Márta Vargha
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Simultaneous Compliance of TOC and Turbidity Related to Pathogen Breakthrough and THMs Control by Enhanced Coagulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Enhanced Coagulation ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
By Products

Since discovery of harmful disinfection by products (DBPs) like trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in chlorinated waters the removal of organic DBPs precursors gained priority in drinking water treatment. Historically, coagulation process was arranged to remove turbidity, typically related to pathogens occurrence, but nowadays it is usually optimized/enhanced for total organic carbon (TOC) reduction. This work dealt with the removal of TOC and turbidity by means of enhanced coagulation process using Al2(SO4)3⋅18 H2O and FeCl3⋅6H2O as coagulants for jar test without pH adjustment according to USEPA procedure. 15% of TOC removal required by USEPA D/DBPs rule (1998) was achieved using 30-50 mg l-1 of both coagulants. On the other hand, for compliance with more stringent MCL for total THMs in Italy (30 μg l-1) higher TOC removal (>30%) which needed of higher coagulants doses (80 mg l-1), was obviously required. Those high coagulant doses were also to be used for the compliance with the turbidity standard (<1NTU).

scholarly journals Bioenergy and Bioresources Usage in the Context of Circular Economy Promotion

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Leonid Melnyk ◽  
Oleksandr Kubatko ◽  
Svitlana Fedyna ◽  
Ivan Torba
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The circular economy, which minimises the level of environmental pollution, creates a promising background for sustainable development. The application of bioeconomics principles provides the use of by-products of agriculture, forestry, food waste, and wastewater as raw materials for electricity and heat. The objective is to analyse the prerequisites for bioenergy development as one of the circular economy areas. FGLS estimations are performed over the period of 2007–2018. The leading position in terms of bioenergy sphere growth is occupied by the European Union, followed by the countries of Asia and North America. The division of biomass into “traditional” and “modern” is discussed, where traditional biomass is mostly used for cooking and space heating in developing countries, while the EU is focusing on the development of second-generation (2G) biofuels when the biofuel is produced from non-food raw materials. It is estimated that the annual production of energy from renewable sources is about 225 thousand tons of o. e. in Ukraine. It is found that the legal field and the strategic directions of the bioeconomy in the European Union and Ukraine coincide, but the pace of development of bioenergy in Ukraine can be described as very slow. To increase the bioenergy potential, it is recommended to apply green tariffs, renewable energy certificates, and subsidies to energy producers.

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