Performance evaluation of rainwater harvesting system and strategy for dry season challenge

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulinave Burton Mwamila ◽  
Moo Young Han ◽  
Preksedis Marco Ndomba ◽  
Zacharia Katambara
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Variable Demand ◽  
System Utilization ◽  
Demand Scenario ◽  
Operational Methods

The extensive application of rainwater harvesting (RWH) projects is inhibited by the challenge posed by the dry seasons. In a case study of Mnyundo Primary School, Tanzania, the performance of the RWH system was evaluated using a daily water balance model. The methodology is based on defined dry season parameters – no water days (NWDs), rainwater usage ratio (RUR), and water level in local water storages; while the system operational methods involve users adopting either fixed (constant) demand or variable demand (demand varying with respect to available water in the storage tank), throughout the system utilization. Additionally, the cost of installing an RWH system to achieve a substantial reduction of NWDs to zero was calculated. It was established that the existing system cannot achieve zero NWDs under consideration of both operational methods. However, the greater the number of tanks, the lower the NWD, and in the variable demand operational method, better RUR was achieved. For mitigating water shortages in the dry season, the school should adopt RWH in two buildings under the demand scenario (300 ≤ demand ≤ 900 L/d, for the respective water levels in the storage tanks), yielding 58% RUR. The performance of the system can be improved by monitoring water levels and adhering to demand guidelines. These are useful strategies for practitioners in water supply.

Development of a rainwater harvesting model for broiler farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
Isnardo Arenas-Navarro ◽  
Efrén David Montes ◽  
SofíaMargarita Serrano-Pinilla ◽  
Diego Andrés Rueda-Ordoñez
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Supply Systems

The access to water is critical in agricultural and livestock production.In the dry season, the water supply systems are under stress and have placed the region of La Mesa de Los Santos(Santander-Colombia) as susceptible to economic impacts due towater shortages, mainly caused by high demand ingrowth population, agriculture and the poultry production.Currently, the poultry production suffers from water shortages and has beensuppliedwith liquid in tanker trucks duringthe dry season, presenting a significant added cost to the farmers. The implementation of a rainwater-harvesting (RWH) system could reduce the water stress on the poultry industrial production of the region. The main objective of this research was to develop a mathematical model to identify the numbers of poultry grown cycles that a rainwater harvesting (RWH) system could potentially feed in an average year of precipitations. The analyses performed here considered daily rainfall data ranged from 2010 to 2018 obtained from the weather stations in La Mesa de Los Santos. The results of this research can be helpful to the entrepreneurs and policymakers by evaluating the importance of water management and the opportunity to take advantage of rainwater as a resource for sustainable poultry production, currently an important alternative to the value chain in the agricultural, livestock and industrial sector of the region.

scholarly journals Rainwater Harvesting Potentials in Commercial Buildings in Dhaka: Reliability and Economic Analysis

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Md. Rezaul Karim ◽  
B. M. Sadman Sakib ◽  
Sk. Sadman Sakib ◽  
Monzur Alam Imteaz
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Rainwater Tank ◽  
Catchment Areas

Despite numerous studies on residential rainwater tank, studies on commercial rainwater tank are scarce. Corporate authorities pay little heed on this sustainable feature. With the aim of encouraging corporate authorities, this study presents the feasibility and economic benefits of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in commercial buildings in the capital city of Bangladesh, where water authority struggles to maintain town water supply. The analysis was conducted using a daily water balance model under three climate scenarios (wet, dry and normal year) for five commercial buildings having catchment areas varying from 315 to 776 m2 and the storage tank capacity varying from 100 to 600 m3. It was found that for a water demand of 30 L per capita per day (lpcd), about 11% to 19% and 16% to 26.80% of the annual water demand can be supplemented by rainwater harvesting under the normal year and wet year climate conditions, respectively. The payback periods are found to be very short, only 2.25 to 3.75 years and benefit–cost (B/C) ratios are more than 1.0, even for building having the smallest catchment area (i.e., 315 m2) and no significant overflow would occur during monsoon, which leads to both economic and environmental benefits. Though the findings cannot be translated to other cities as those are dependent on factors like water price, interest rate, rainfall amount and pattern, however other cities having significant rainfall amounts should conduct similar studies to expedite implementations of widescale rainwater harvesting.

scholarly journals Implementasi Konsep Konservasi Air di Gedung Apartemen X

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vine Valenia David ◽  
Kancitra Pharmawati ◽  
Djoni Kusmulyana Usman
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Groundwater Availability ◽  
The North ◽  
Water Recycle ◽  
Runoff Rate

<p>Clean water crisis that occurred in Bandung is caused by land conversion in North Bandung area which is a recharge area into commercial buildings. This increases runoff rate from 40% to 70% that can lead can lead to flooding and reduced groundwater availability. Therefore, it is necessary to save water by implementing water conservation. Considering those problems, this study aims to apply the concept of water conservation in X Apartment building that is located in the North Bandung Region by referring to Mayor Regulation of Bandung in 2016. Water conservation efforts that will be applied are wastewater reuse into water recycle, rainwater harvesting, infiltration well construction and placing water meters. The application of water conservation concept considers two conditions, namely in rainy season and dry season. Total need for clean water can be saved by 45,8% in dry season, while in rainy season clean water can be saved by 31,74%.</p>

scholarly journals Hydrological processes and water resources management in a dryland environment IV: Long-term groundwater level fluctuations due to variation in rainfall

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Butterworth ◽  
R. E. Schulze ◽  
L. P. Simmonds ◽  
P. Moriarty ◽  
F. Mugabe
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Groundwater Level Fluctuations ◽  
Modelling Methods

Abstract. To evaluate the effects of variations in rainfall on groundwater, long-term rainfall records were used to simulate groundwater levels over the period 1953-96 at an experimental catchment in south-east Zimbabwe. Two different modelling methods were adopted. Firstly, a soil water balance model (ACRU) simulated drainage from daily rainfall and evaporative demand; groundwater levels were predicted as a function of drainage, specific yield and water table height. Secondly, the cumulative rainfall departure method was used to model groundwater levels from monthly rainfall. Both methods simulated observed groundwater levels over the period 1992-96 successfully, and long-term simulated trends in historical levels were comparable. Results suggest that large perturbations in groundwater levels area a normal feature of the response of a shallow aquifer to variations in rainfall. Long-term trends in groundwater levels are apparent and reflect the effect of cycles in rainfall. Average end of dry season water levels were simulated to be almost 3 m higher in the late 1970s compared to those of the early 1990s. The simulated effect of prolonged low rainfall on groundwater levels was particularly severe during the period 1981-92 with a series of low recharge years unprecedented in the earlier record. More recently, above average rainfall has resulted in generally higher groundwater levels. The modelling methods described may be applied in the development of guidelines for groundwater schemes to help ensure safe long-term yields and to predict future stress on groundwater resources in low rainfall periods; they are being developed to evaluate the effects of land use and management change on groundwater resources.

scholarly journals Response of wild mammals to seasonal shrinking-and-expansion of habitats due to flooding regime of the Pantanal, Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Mamede ◽  
C. J. R. Alho
Keyword(s):  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Flooding Regime ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Paraguay River ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
Blastocerus Dichotomus ◽  
Seasonally Flooded

The Pantanal is a large savanna wetland (138,183 km² in Brazil), important for its wildlife, fed by tributaries of the upper Paraguay River, center of South America (Brazil, touching Bolivia and Paraguay). Uplands are plateaus (250-1,200 m high, 215,000 km² in Brazil) and flatland is the Pantanal (80-150 m high, 147,574 km² in Brazil). Rivers are slow moving when they meet the flatland (slope 0.3-0.5 m/km east-west; 0.03-0.15 m/km north-south), periodically overflowing their banks, creating a complex seasonal habitat range. Recurrent shallow flooding occupies 80% of the Pantanal; during the dry season flooded areas dry up. Fluctuating water levels, nutrients and wildlife form a dynamic ecosystem. A flooding regime forms distinct sub-regions within the Pantanal. A mammal survey was carried out in the sub-region of the Rio Negro from April, 2003 through March, 2004 to study the diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals during the dry and flooding seasons. A total of 36 species were observed in the field. The capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris was the most frequent species, followed by the crab-eating-fox Cerdocyon thous and the marsh deer Blastocerus dichotomus. The highest abundance of species was observed during the dry season (August and September), when there is a considerable expansion of terrestrial habitats, mainly seasonally flooded grassland. Animal abundance (in terms of observed individual frequencies) varied during the dry and wet seasons and the seasonally flooded grassland was the most utilized habitat by mammals in the dry season.

Sustainability evaluation of a primary school rainwater demonstration project in Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulinave Burton Mwamila ◽  
Moo Young Han ◽  
Soyoon Kum
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Level Gauge ◽  
System Management ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Sustainability Evaluation ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Corporate Social

Water shortages are widely prevalent in developing countries, affecting lives of people including schoolchildren, who miss classes while fetching water for daily use. A typical case was that of Mnyundo Primary School in Tanzania, East Africa. A rainwater harvesting (RWH) system was then constructed because of easy adaptability of the technology. The purpose of this study is sustainability evaluation. The evaluation considered construction details, level of water supply service, potential for sustainability and replication. Coarse screen, first flush tank, and sedimentation tank were included for maintaining drinkable water quality through particle load reduction. The water level gauge incorporated enables easy monitoring of water usage, while the provided training and operational manual are a practical guide on system management for the users. Local labor, material and techniques used, are recommended for capacity building, sense of ownership, and cost reduction. Companies’ involvement is encouraged by providing financial support to the schools as their corporate social responsibility. RWH is thus suggested as a sustainable alternative for drinking water supply.

Tackling rainwater shortages during dry seasons using a socio-technical operational strategy

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 974-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulinave B. Mwamila ◽  
Mooyoung Y. Han ◽  
Tschung-il Kim ◽  
Preksedis M. Ndomba
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
User Cooperation ◽  
Operational Strategy ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Level Monitoring ◽  
Water Level Monitoring

The management of water resources during the dry season is a major challenge associated with rainwater harvesting (RWH) technology, but is necessary given the human suffering that follows from resulting conditions of water scarcity. In this study, the parameters for dry season assessment are defined in terms of ‘no water days’ (NWD) and rainwater usage ratio. A simple socio-technical operational strategy making use of a water level monitoring system is proposed for NWD reduction. This involves water level monitoring, whereby daily water demand varies with user cooperation, as based on the available water in a tank. The results of our study show that an NWD as low as 10 can be achieved as compared with the current value of 115 days, before considering investment on additional roof catchments and tank volume. These parameters are useful for analyzing any type of rooftop RWH system. Furthermore, this operational strategy can be made practical and simplified by incorporating an easily visible and understood guideline onto the RWH system. This strategy is replicable anywhere in the world, with consideration of site-specific conditions such as rainfall amounts, roof sizes, and population.

Variation in the Mating System of a Biparental Cichlid Fish, Cichlasoma Panamense

Behaviour ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 95 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Wootton ◽  
T.J. Townshend
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Time Away ◽  
A Current

AbstractCichlasoma panamense is a biparental, substrate-spawning cichlid which breeds during the dry season in Panamanian streams. In one population some males helped to defend their offspring throughout the period of parental care but many deserted their mates to achieve additional spawnings leaving females to guard alone. The proportion of C. panamense guarding in pairs increased throughout the breeding season. This was associated with an increase in the rate with which parental cichlids attacked potential brood predators and an increase in brood size. The increase in attack rate was due to the crowding of fishes as water levels receded during the dry season and especially to the increasing numbers of newly independent cichlids which congregated in the shallow water areas where C. panamense brood. The sex ratio in the population was strongly biased towards females. Males spent more time away from the brood than females which enabled them to find and spawn with unmated females. The attack rate of females brooding alone was not significantly higher than that of those with mates and their foraging rate not significantly lower although they spent less time away from their brood. In a more productive stream where population density was high, breeding was almost entirely in monogamous pairs. The rate at which parents attacked potential predators was higher, the sex ratio was 1:1 and brood size was large. The male's decision to guard or desert appears to depend on his opportunities for further matings, the ability of the female to guard alone and the value of a current brood. These results agree with the predictions of game theory models of parental care.

scholarly journals Assessment of rainwater harvesting tank size for livestock use

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Londra ◽  
A. T. Theocharis ◽  
E. Baltas ◽  
V. A. Tsihrintzis
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Demand Scenario ◽  
Very High ◽  
Of Greece

Abstract Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice aiming to cover water needs for domestic, irrigation and livestock uses. In this study, the rainwater harvesting tank size was investigated to meet five water-need levels of a mixed goat–sheep farm using a daily water balance method. This method was applied using daily rainfall data for a period of 16 years from six meteorological stations in selected regions of Greece, characterized by different rainfall regimes and well-developed livestock activity, taking into account, among other parameters, the water needs of animals, the rainwater collection area and the runoff coefficient. There is a great variation in the rainwater harvesting tank size among the stations studied due to differences in the annual rainfall and the maximum dry period. Results showed that meeting full demands (100% reliability) requires tank sizes ranging from 20 m3 for short dry period stations–low demand scenario (320 L/day) to 115 m3 for long dry period stations–high demand scenario (576 L/day), assuming a maximum collection area of 450 m2. Correspondingly, reliability analysis showed that very high values of reliability (95%) can be obtained with tank sizes ranging from 10 to 85 m3, respectively.

scholarly journals Probabilistic and Economical Design of Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Tank by Simulation Technique

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
J. Ramachandran ◽  
V. Ravikumar
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Economical Design

Introduction: Rainwater harvesting is the collection of rainwater directly from the surface(s) it falls on. Rainwater harvesting through collection tank is an effective method. Numerous methods are available for determining the size of the storage capacity required to satisfy a given demand. These methods vary in complexity and sophistication. Methods: The tank design method includes general thumb rule (5% of annual runoff), sequential peak analysis (simulating twice the length of the record), optimization (best one that suits objective criteria), simulation, probabilistic and economical design. Simulation water balance model which works on daily basis, normal probability distribution and economics are used in designing the capacity of tanks and it is presented in a graphical form. The tanks are designed for two different purposes like domestic use and toilet flushing only. Place and Data: Trichy city daily rainfall records from 1951-2011 is used. If a person living in Trichy city wants to construct a rainwater harvesting tank for toilet flushing purpose (6 Nos * 25l = 150l demand per day), the graphs can used. Results: At a chosen exceedance probability (EP) of failure (how much time the tank fails to supply water), the engineer can decide the storage size under a preset deficit rate and also the cost of each tanks (per 1000 l) from the curves generated in this study. These relationships can be used by engineers in the design process.

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