scholarly journals Enteric viruses in municipal wastewater effluent before and after disinfection with chlorine and ultraviolet light

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 670-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Simhon ◽  
Vince Pileggi ◽  
Cecily A. Flemming ◽  
José R. Bicudo ◽  
George Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
E Coli

Abstract In Ontario, Canada, information is lacking on chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection performance against enteric viruses in wastewater. We enumerated enteroviruses and noroviruses, coliphages, and Escherichia coli per USEPA methods 1615, 1602, and membrane filtration, respectively, in pre- and post-disinfection effluent at five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with full-year monthly sampling, and calculated log10 reductions (LRs) while WWTPs complied with their monthly geometric mean limit of 200 E. coli/100 mL. Modeling of densities by left-censored estimation and Bayesian inference gave very similar results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-detected enteroviruses and noroviruses were abundant in post-disinfection effluent (mean concentrations of 2.1 × 10+4–7.2 × 10+5 and 2.7 × 10+4–3.6 × 10+5 gene copies (GC)/L, respectively). Chlorine or UV disinfection produced modest LRs for culture- (0.3–0.9) and PCR-detected enteroviruses (0.3–1.3), as well as noroviruses GI + GII (0.5–0.8). Coliphages and E. coli were more susceptible, with LRs of 0.8–3.0 and 2.5, respectively. Sand-filtered effluent produced significantly higher enteric virus LRs (except cultured enteroviruses). Coliphage and human enteric virus densities gave significantly positive correlations using Kendall's Tau test. Enteric viruses are abundant in wastewater effluent following routine chlorine or UV disinfection processes that target E. coli. Coliphages appear to be good indicators for evaluating wastewater disinfection of enteric viruses.

scholarly journals Presence and Reduction of Anthropogenic Substances with UV Light and Oxidizing Disinfectants in Wastewater—A Case Study at Kuopio, Finland

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Jenni Ikonen ◽  
Ilpo Nuutinen ◽  
Marjo Niittynen ◽  
Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽  
Tarja Pitkänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
No Removal ◽  
Disinfection Methods ◽  
Harmful Effects

Anthropogenic substances are a major concern due to their potential harmful effects towards aquatic ecosystems. Because wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not designed to remove these substances from wastewater, a part of the anthropogenic substances enter nature via WWTP discharges. During the spring 2019, the occurrence of anthropogenic substances in the municipal wastewater effluent in Kuopio, Finland, was analysed. Furthermore, the capacity of selected disinfection methods to reduce these substances from wastewater was tested. The disinfection methods were ozonation (760 mL min−1) with an OxTube hermetic dissolution method (1), the combined usage of peracetic acid (PAA) (<5 mg L−1) and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (12 mJ/cm2) (2), and the combined usage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (<10 mg L−1) and UV disinfection (12 mJ/cm2) (3). The substances found at the concentrations over 1 µg L−1 in effluent (N = 3) were cetirizine (5.2 ± 1.3 µg L−1), benzotriazole (BZT) (2.1 ± 0.98 µg L−1), hydrochlorothiazide (1.7 ± 0.2 µg L−1), furosemide (1.6 ± 0.2 µg L−1), lamotrigine (1.5 ± 0.06 µg L−1), diclofenac (DCF) (1.4 ± 0.2 µg L−1), venlafaxine (1.0 ± 0.13 µg L−1) and losartan (0.9 ± 0.2 µg L−1). The reduction (%) with different methods (1, 2, 3) were: cetirizine (99.9, 5.0, NR = no removal), benzotriazole (67.9, NR, NR), hydrochlorothiazide (91.1, 5.9, NR), furosemide (99.7, 5.9, NR), lamotrigine (46.4, NR, 6.7), diclofenac (99.7, 7.1, 16.7), venlafaxine (91.3, NR, 1.1), losartan (99.6, 13.8, NR). Further research concerning the tested disinfection methods is needed in order to fully elucidate their potential for removing anthropogenic substances from purified wastewater.

scholarly journals Removal of antibiotic resistant E. coli in two Norwegian wastewater treatment plants and by nano- and ultra-filtration processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1115-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Ulrich Schwermer ◽  
Pawel Krzeminski ◽  
Aina Charlotte Wennberg ◽  
Christian Vogelsang ◽  
Wolfgang Uhl
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Ultra Filtration

Abstract The effectivity of different treatment stages at two large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Oslo, Norway, to remove antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from municipal wastewater was investigated. The WWTPs were effective in reducing the total cultivable E. coli. The E. coli in WWTP samples were mainly resistant to ampicillin (6–27%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (5–24%), and, to a lesser extent, tetracycline (3–14%) and ciprofloxacin (0–7%). In the first WWTP, a clear decrease in the percentage of E. coli resistant to these antibiotics was found, with the main removal occurring during physical/chemical treatment. In the second WWTP, the percentage of cultivable resistant E. coli did not display a considerable change. During laboratory-scale membrane filtration of WWTP effluents using ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes, all E. coli, including those resistant to antibiotics, were removed completely. The results imply that UF and NF processes are potent measures to remove antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) during post-treatment of WWTP effluents, thus reducing the potential spread of antibiotic resistance in the receiving aquatic environment.

Detection of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater effluent

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Schlindwein ◽  
C. Rigotto ◽  
C. M. O. Simões ◽  
C. R. M. Barardi
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation

Sewage sludge and treated wastewater when contaminated with enteric virus and discharged into the environment, could pose a human health risk. The aim of study was to verify the presence and viability of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater at a local sewage plant in Florianopolis city, Brazil. Sewage sludge was concentrated by organic flocculation and polyethylene glycol precipitation and wastewater by electronegative membrane filtration and ultrafiltration by Centriprep Concentrator. Adenovirus (AdV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Rotavirus (RV) were examined for all samples for 12 months and Poliovirus (PV) was also tested for in sewage sludge samples. AdV was the most prevalent in both kind of samples, followed by RV, PV (in sludge) and HAV. Viral viability by cell culture (ICC-PCR) was: AdV: 100%, HAV: 16.7%, PV: 91.7%, RV: 25% in sludge and AdV: 66.6%, HAV: 66.6% and RV: 0% in wastewater. IFA for AdV in sludge ranged from 70 to 300 FFU/ml. QPCR for AdV ranged from 4.6 × 104 to 1.2 × 106 and from 50 to 1.3 × 104 gc/ml in sludge and wastewater, respectively. HAV quantification in sludge ranged from 3.1 × 102 to 5.4 × 102 gc/ml. In conclusion, it was possible to correlate presence and viability of enteric viruses in the environmental samples analyzed.

scholarly journals The role of wastewater treatment plants in surface water contamination by plastic pollutants

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozena Mrowiec
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water Contamination

The aim of this paper was to review the literature data regarding the physico-chemical characteristic of plastic pollutants discharged with municipal sewage, the practical possibility of removing microplastic particles from wastewater during different treatment steps in WWTPs and the problem of surface water contamination within them. Microplastics (the size range of 1 nm to < 5 mm), have been recognized as an emerging threat, as well as an ecotoxicological and ecological risk for water ecosystems. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mentioned as the main point sources of microplastics in an aquatic environment. Microplastic particles can be effectively removed in the primary treatment zones via solids skimming and sludge settling processes. Different tertiary treatment processes such as: gravity sand filtration, discfilter, air flotation and membrane filtration provide substantial additional removal of microplastics, and the efficiency of wastewater treatment process can be at a removal level of 99.9%. Nevertheless, given the large volumes of effluent constantly discharged to receivers, even tertiary level WWTPs may constitute a considerable source of microplastics in the surface water.

Efficacy of Ultraviolet Light for Reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Unpasteurized Apple Cider

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. WRIGHT ◽  
S. S. SUMNER ◽  
C. R. HACKNEY ◽  
M. D. PIERSON ◽  
B. W. ZOECKLEIN
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Apple Cider ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Disinfection Unit ◽  
Additional Reduction

This study examined the efficacy of UV light for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in unpasteurized cider. Cider containing a mixture of acid-resistant E. coli O157:H7 (6.3 log CFU/ml) was treated using a thin-film UV disinfection unit at 254 nm. Dosages ranged from 9,402 to 61,005 μW-s/cm2. Treatment significantly reduced E. coli O157:H7 (P ≤ 0.0001). Mean reduction for all treated samples was 3.81 log CFU/ml. Reduction was also affected by the level of background microflora in cider. Results indicate that UV light is effective for reducing this pathogen in cider. However, with the dosages used in this experiment, additional reduction measures are necessary to achieve the required 5-log reduction.

Bacteriophages and bacteria as indicators of enteric viruses in oysters and their harvest waters

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chung ◽  
L.-A. Jaykus ◽  
G. Lovelace ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Receiving Water

Reliable indicators are needed to detect enteric virus contamination of bivalve molluscan shellfish and their harvest waters. Concentrations of male-specific (F+) coliphages, Bacteroides fragilis phages, Salmonella phages and several indicator bacteria in wastewater, estuarine receiving water and its oysters were examined for their ability to predict the presence and levels of faecal contamination and enteric viruses in oysters. Enteric viruses in oysters were detected by cell culture and RT-PCR methods. F+ coliphages, Salmonella phages, B fragilis phages and faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliforms, E coli, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) were generally positively associated and were highest in raw sewage and progressively lower in sewage effluent and in receiving waters at increasing distance from the wastewater discharge. Indicator levels in oysters were highest for F+ coliphages and C perfringens. One F+ RNA coliphage serotype (Group II) predominated in the wastewater, receiving water and oysters. Human enteric viruses were detected in 17/31 oyster samples. The levels of most indicators in oysters and water were higher when oysters were enteric virus-positive and lower when oysters were enteric virus-negative. F+ coliphages and C perfringens were the only indicators significantly associated with the presence of enteric viruses in oysters. F+ coliphages and their serotypes are promising indicators of human enteric virus contamination in oysters and their harvest waters.

scholarly journals Specific bacterial cell wall components influence the stability of Coxsackievirus B3

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeeba H Dhalech ◽  
Tara D Fuller ◽  
Christopher M Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Coxsackievirus B3 ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wall Components

Enteric viruses infect the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Data indicate that enteric viruses can utilize intestinal bacteria to promote viral replication and pathogenesis. However, the precise interactions between enteric viruses and bacteria are unknown. Here we examined the interaction between bacteria and Coxsackievirus B3, an enteric virus from the picornavirus family. We found that bacteria enhance the infectivity of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in vitro. Notably, specific bacteria are required as gram-negative Salmonella enterica, but not Escherichia coli, enhanced CVB3 infectivity and stability. Investigating the cell wall components of both S. enterica and E. coli revealed that structures in the O-antigen or core of lipopolysaccharide, a major component of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall, were required for S. enterica to enhance CVB3. To determine if these requirements were necessary for similar enteric viruses, we investigated if S. enterica and E. coli enhanced infectivity of poliovirus, another enteric virus in the picornavirus family. We found that, in contrast to CVB3, these bacteria enhanced the infectivity of poliovirus in vitro. Overall, these data indicate that distinct bacteria enhance CVB3 infectivity and stability, and specific enteric viruses may have differing requirements for their interactions with specific bacterial species.

Municipal wastewater effluent affects fish communities: A multi-year study involving two wastewater treatment plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 1730-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin S. McCallum ◽  
Kirsten E. Nikel ◽  
Hossein Mehdi ◽  
Sherry N.N. Du ◽  
Jennifer E. Bowman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Fish Communities ◽  
Wastewater Effluent

Ultraviolet Disinfection in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Maarschalkerweerd ◽  
Rory Murphy ◽  
Gail Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Pilot and full-scale studies of UV disinfection of wastewater have demonstrated that the process could consistently meet an effluent fecal coliform standard of 200/100 mL or less, depending on suspended solids and UV transmission. Since 1984 over three hundred systems have been installed at municipal wastewater treatment plants in North America. The majority of these are in treatment plants which have been using chlorination. The UV systems have been retrofitted into the existing chlorine contact tanks or existing channels. The capital costs of retrofitting compare favourably to the costs of upgrading chlorination systems, especially when de-chlorination equipment is required. As experience is gained in the operation of these UV systems, their performance has been monitored for their disinfection efficiency and cost of operation. Several installations are examined and their performance and costs analyzed. The evidence to date supports the premise that UV disinfection can meet demands for reliable effluent disinfection in a cost effective manner.

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