scholarly journals Assessment of drinking water suitability in low income rural areas: a case study in Sixaola, Costa Rica

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Mena-Rivera ◽  
José Quirós-Vega
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

Abstract Vegas-Las Palmas is a rural settlement located in the southern Caribbean region of Costa Rica on the border with Panama. Its population does not have access to potable water, and inhabitants depend on water from wells at the water table level to meet their needs. These wells lack basic infrastructure to protect this water from contamination. In this study, water quality was evaluated at 12 wells from 2014 to 2016 (n = 72). The results revealed high concentrations of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli with maximum values of 4.6 × 104 MPN/100 mL and 1.1 × 104 MPN/100 mL, respectively. In addition, maximum values of pH, conductivity, turbidity, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cd and Pb were found to be outside the standard limits (nationally and internationally) for potable water. Possible sources of water contamination are associated with the geomorphological characteristics of the area, as well as with hydrometeorological and anthropogenic factors such as the lack of sewerage, the presence of latrines, animals near the wells and the use of agrochemicals. The water quality was heterogeneous among wells, and all of them were found to have conditions that caused water to be unfit for human consumption.

scholarly journals Status of Water Quality for Human Consumption in High-Andean Rural Communities: Discrepancies between Techniques for Identifying Trace Metals

J ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-180
Author(s):  
Alejandro Quispe-Coica ◽  
Sonia Fernández ◽  
Luz Acharte Lume ◽  
Agustí Pérez-Foguet
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Travel Distance ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Sampling Points

Access to safe water is essential for people’s lives and health. However, little information is available about the quality of water consumed in rural communities in the Andes of Peru. The difficulties of accessing communities, and the lack of nearby laboratories, raise the question of which techniques are being used or could be used to monitor water quality (and specifically, for trace metal content determination), as discrepancies between different techniques have been reported. This work focuses on water characterization of (i) physicochemical, microbiological, and parasitological parameters; and (ii) the presence of trace metals in a specific Andean region involving five communities, determined by two different techniques: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). AAS was performed at local laboratories in the province capital located within a 4-h travel distance from sampling points, and ICP-MS was performed in a certified lab in Lima at a 24-h bus travel distance (on average) from sampling points. The physicochemical characterization shows non-compliance with regulations of 16.4% of reservoirs and 23.1% of households. Further, standards for microbiological and parasitological parameters were not met by 14.5% of spring water points, 18.8% of water reservoirs, and 14.3% of households. These results are in agreement with the Peruvian government´s general figures regarding water quality in rural areas. While ICP-MS and AAS gave equivalent results for most pairs of sample metals tested, differences were found for Mo, Mn, Al, Zn, Cd, and Cu concentrations (with larger differences for Mo, Cd, and Cu). Differences in Al and Mo affect the comparison with water quality standards and generate uncertainty in terms of acceptability for human consumption.

scholarly journals Impacts of Agrochemicals on Water Quality Parameters in Aboisso Region (South-East of Cote d’Ivoire)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Assouman Amadou ◽  
Kpan Oulai Jean- Gautier ◽  
Gnamba Franck Maxime ◽  
Oga Yéï Marie Solange ◽  
Biémi Jean
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Guide Values ◽  
The Impact

Aboisso region is experiencing unprecedented agricultural activities. Cultural techniques such as the use of insecticides are harming the quality of water. This study aims to assess the impact of insecticides on the water quality in the Aboisso region. Thirty-one (31) water points (10 surface water and 21 groundwater) were sampled. The determination of physicochemical parameters as well as the multi-residue method used for insecticides analysis in the samples allowed us to achieve our objective. The result of the physicochemical analysis shows that the temperature of groundwater (27.91°C) is higher than surface water temperature (26.77°C). These waters are mostly acidic with a slightly lower pH for groundwater (6.46) compared to surface water (6.54). The conductivity is higher in groundwater (average of 130.46 µS/cm) as opposed to surface water (average of 43.50 µS/cm). After applying the multi-residue method, the results reveal the presence of nine (9) active ingredients. In surface waters, all these molecules, except Lambda-cyhalothrin and Deltamethrin, exceed the WHO guide values (0.1 µg/L). The highest concentrations recorded concern ethyl parathion and profenofos (8.24 µg/L and 8.04 µg/L respectively). In groundwater, it is rather Parathion-methyl, Profenofos, Dimethoate, Chlorpyriphos-ethyl, Lambda-cyhalothrin and Deltamethrin that are often at below WHO standards. However, the present study reveals that all of the water samples analysed were polluted, owing to anthropogenic used of insecticides in the region, and other chemicals with high concentrations of parathion-ethyl: 8.24 µg/L and profenofos: 8.04 µg/L. These waters are therefore unfit for human consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluation of adaptive low cost solar water pasteurization device for providing safe potable water in rural households

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmin Zaman ◽  
Abu Yousuf ◽  
Anowara Begum ◽  
Md Latiful Bari ◽  
K. S. Rabbani
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Radiation Emission ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Water Scarce

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a simplified, low cost, pasteurization device in inactivating the diarrheal pathogens present in pond/lake/river water in order to provide safe potable water to people living in the rural areas of low resource countries. In this process, water in polyethylene bags was exposed to sunshine, where UV radiation emissions and heat absorption from the sunshine occurs simultaneously, and maintaining the heating at <60 °C, and minimum UV radiation emissions of 996.2 W/m2 for approximately 30 minutes was found enough to inactivate diarrheal pathogens in water. The synergistic effect of heat, UV radiation emission and holding time causes the destruction of diarrheal pathogens. However, the performance of the device depends on the thickness of the insulation and the air gap between polyethylene bags. Regardless of sample sources, the highest population reduction of Escherichia coli observed in the bacterial challenge study was 6.8 ± 0.4 log CFU/ml. The physicochemical properties were found acceptable compared with USEPA potable water quality except turbidity, which is acceptable according to the BDS standard, and the shelf-life study results demonstrated that 6 months' storage of pasteurization device-treated water at room temperature is possible without compromising water quality. Therefore, this simplified pasteurization device could be useful in potable water-scarce areas of the world.

DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DE AGUA DE UNA FUENTE DE ABASTO SUBTERRÁNEA EN SANCÁN - JIPIJAPA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Juan Miguel García Cabrera ◽  
Jennifer Leonor Pisco Suárez ◽  
Hugo Abel Matute Cedeño
Keyword(s):  
Student Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Student Dropout ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
San Sebastian ◽  
High Concentrations

En el Ecuador el crecimiento poblacional, tanto en la zona urbana como rural ha proporcionado el incremento de la demanda de agua de las diversas fuentes de abasto. Este crecimiento es responsable a la vez de incitar la investigación y creación de nuevas fuentes de abastos lo que a su vez conlleva también a nuevas fuentes de contaminación, tales como las provenientes de las actividades agrícolas y del manejo inadecuados de las aguas residuales. Esta investigación se la efectuó en la comunidad de Sancan y específicamente en la quinta San Sebastián donde se cuenta con dos fuentes de abasto de aguas subterráneas y el lugar donde se realizó una caracterización Fisicoquímica detallada de los pozos existentes en este lugar. Para lo anterior se consideraron aspectos de calidad de agua, usos y ubicación lo que derivo a efectuar un análisis del estado del agua subterránea; donde se analizaron parámetros como pH, Conductividad Eléctrica, Alcalinidad Total, Carbonatos, Bicarbonatos, Cloruros y R.A.S. los resultados muestran concentraciones altas de salinidad y altos rangos de conductividad eléctrica como de igual manera un pH alto y altos niveles de sodio en el agua; donde se concluye que estos resultados de los análisis efectuados indican que esta agua no es apta para utilización agrícola y mucho menos para consumo humano, sin antes ser efectuado un proceso de osmosis inversa, electrodiálisis, técnicas de destilación o intercambio iónico para separar del agua pura cualquier contaminante, lograr desalinizara y bajar los niveles de sodio que existen en ella. PALABRAS CLAVE: agua, fuentes de abasto, Sancan, osmosis inversa.THE STUDENT DROPOUT IN THE PROCESSES OF HIGHER EDUCATION LEVELABSTRACTIn Ecuador, population growth, both in the urban and rural areas, has provided an increase in the demand for water from the various sources of supply. This growth is responsible, at the same time, for encouraging research and the creation of new sources of supply, which in turn also leads to new sources of contamination, such as those coming from agricultural activities and inadequate management of wastewater. This investigation was carried out in the community of Sancan and specifically in the fifth San Sebastián where there are two sources of groundwater supply and the place where a detailed physical and chemical characterization of the existing wells in this place was made. For the above, aspects of water quality, uses and location were considered, which led to an analysis of the groundwater status; where parameters such as pH, Electric Conductivity, Total Alkalinity, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chlorides and R.A.S. the results show high concentrations of salinity and high ranges of electrical conductivity as well as a high pH and high levels of sodium in the water; where it is concluded that these results of the analyzes carried out indicate that this water is not suitable for agricultural use and much less for human consumption, without first being carried out a process of reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, distillation techniques or ion exchange to separate from pure water any pollutant, achieve desalination and lower sodium levels that exist in it.KEYWORDS: student, development, desertion, leveling, and processes.

scholarly journals QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA EM ÁREAS RURAIS: Análise bacteriológica e físico-química das águas dos tanques de pedra das comunidades KM 21 (Campina Grande) e Pedra Redonda (Pocinhos) (Water quality in rural areas: bacteriological and physical-chemical analysis...)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1737
Author(s):  
Laíse Do Nascimento Cabral ◽  
Sérgio Murilo Santos de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Microbiological Parameters

Nesse trabalho, foi analisada a qualidade da água em níveis bacteriológicos para consumo humano e demais usos em reservatórios denominados Tanques de Pedra nas comunidades rurais do Semiárido Paraibano: KM 21, Campina Grande (Agreste paraibano)-PB, e Pedra Redonda (Curimataú paraibano), Pocinhos-PB. Como critério de escolha das comunidades, considerou-se a importância dos reservatórios para a população, haja vista serem o principal reservatório para captação de água da chuva e armazenamento. A qualidade da água foi analisada a partir de sete coletas com a determinação dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos. A metodologia aplicada foi o método enzimático de substrato definido Colilert. Para as análises físico-químicas, utilizou-se 24 parâmetros identificados pelo Valor Máximo Permissível (VMP). Os resultados, para parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos, estão fundamentados na Portaria 2914/11 do Ministério da Saúde. Utilizou-se registro fotográfico para obtenção de imagens dos reservatórios. Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade da água das comunidades encontrava-se comprometida, tendo em vista que se encontrava infectada nos níveis bacteriológicos (Escherichia coli e Coliformes totais) e físico-químicos para cor e turbidez, sendo estes parâmetros utilizados para consumo humano. Assim, concluiu-se que, nos casos da utilização do recurso hídrico para usos múltiplos da água, pode haver utilização, porém com algumas restrições. Por fim, é válido destacar que os tanques de pedra são o maior provedor de água para as famílias de ambas as comunidades, por este motivo a análise da qualidade da água deu-se para este tipo de reservatório dado a sua importância aquífera e social.    A B S T R A C T In this study, the water quality was analyzed for bacteriological levels for human consumption and other uses in so-called reservoirs Stone Tanks in rural communities Paraibano Semi-Arid: KM 21, Campina Grande (Agreste Paraibano)-PB, and Pedra Redonda (Curimataú Paraibano), Pocinhos-PB. As a criterion of choice of the communities, it considered the importance of reservoirs for the population, given as the primary reservoir for capturing rainwater and storage. The water quality was analyzed from seven collections with the determination of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The methodology applied was the enzymatic method of substrate defined Colilert. For the physico-chemical analysis, we used 24 parameters identified by the Maximum Permissible Value (MPV). The results for microbiological and physico-chemical parameters are based on the Ministry of Health Ordinance 2914/11. We used photographic record to obtain images of the reservoirs. The results showed that the water quality of communities found compromised, considering that was infected in the bacteriological level (Escherichia coli and Coliforms totals) and physico-chemical for color and turbidity, these parameters being used for human consumption. Thus, it was concluded that in cases where the use of water resources for multiple uses water can be used, but with some restrictions. Finally, it is worth noting that the stone tanks are the largest water provider for the families of both communities, for this reason the analysis of water quality was given for this type of reservoir given its importance aquifer and social. Keywords: Water resources; Sustainability; water management; Agreste of Paraíba; Brazilian semiarid.   

scholarly journals Nature’s “Free Lunch”: The Contribution of Edible Insects to Food and Nutrition Security in the Central Highlands of Madagascar

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2978
Author(s):  
Jochen Dürr ◽  
Christian Ratompoarison
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Food And Nutrition Security ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Wild Harvesting ◽  
Central Highlands

Edible insects are a healthy, sustainable, and environmentally friendly protein alternative. Thanks to their quantitative and qualitative protein composition, they can contribute to food security, especially in Africa, where insects have been consumed for centuries. Most insects are still harvested in the wild and used for household consumption. So far, however, little attention has been paid to insects’ real contribution to food security in low-income countries. Entomophagy, the human consumption of insects, is widespread in many rural areas of Madagascar, a country, at the same time, severely affected by chronic malnutrition. This case study was carried out in a region where entomophagy based on wild harvesting is a common practice and malnutrition is pervasive. The data were obtained in 2020 from a survey among 216 households in the rural commune of Sandrandahy in the central highlands of Madagascar. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis were used to show the relative importance of insects for the local diet and to test various hypotheses related to food security. Results show that insects contribute significantly to animal protein consumption, especially in the humid season, when other protein sources are scarce. They are a cheap protein source, as much esteemed as meat by the rural population. There are no significant differences in the quantities of insects consumed by poorer versus richer households, nor between rural and urban households. Insect consumption amounts are strongly related to the time spent on wild harvesting. The importance of edible insects for poor, food-insecure rural areas and how entomophagy can be promoted for better food and nutrition security are discussed.

scholarly journals Surface water quality assessment of the main tributaries in the lower São Francisco River, Sergipe

RBRH ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Brandão Britto ◽  
Anderson Nascimento do Vasco ◽  
Antenor de Oliveira Aguiar Netto ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Borges Garcia ◽  
Gilsia Fabiane Oliveira Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Trophic State Index ◽  
Sao Francisco River ◽  
São Francisco River ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT Contamination of water body by diffuse and point sources in springs has caused concerns mainly due to restrictions on its quality. The problem becomes more serious when contamination affects water for human consumption, as occurs in the river São Francisco, which supplies several municipalities of Sergipe. In this sense, the objective of the study was to evaluate water quality in eleven tributaries of the São Francisco river in its low course in the period from 2013 to 2014, in order to subsidize decision making by public management bodies operating in the region. For this purpose, it was used the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Trophic State Index (TSI), as well the hierarchical grouping techniques associated to the samples to compare the different causes of contamination of each source. The lowest WQI values were observed in the rivers Betume and Jacaré and they were associated with high concentrations of coliforms related to the disposal of domestic effluents from the riverside cities. It was observed a tendency to eutrophication in the Jacaré stream, Santo Antônio, Pilões, Papagaio and Capivara rivers demonstrated by the high TSI in the rainy season. The results of the cluster analysis were close to their Euclidean distance, and showed that there were similarity relationships between the different water sources related to their parameters of water quality. In this piece of work, we also used the Factor Analysis resulted in the selection of five factors of water quality indicators which are mainly related to mineral content, organic matter, surface runoff and the level of pollution. Thus, it is concluded that the water quality of the São Francisco river tributaries is at a strong tendency towards contamination and that its tributaries need a constant monitoring for the environmental management decisions to be the most adequate for the sustainable survival of the riverside communities.

scholarly journals Hygienic characteristics of the chemical composition of groundwater in Ryazan region

2018 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
DA Solovyev ◽  
AA Dementiev ◽  
NM Kluchnikova ◽  
NI Prokhorov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Artesian Wells

Among the factors that have a strong impact on public health the environment, living conditions, food and water quality are just as important as socio-economic forces. Providing the population with access to safe potable water has become a socio-economic priority in Russia. The aim of this work was to characterize the aquifers supplying the population of Ryazan region with water for personal and domestic needs and to compare their chemical composition. Sample collection was performed in cooperation with the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology (Ryazan region). The obtained data were processed using ANOVA. The Kashirsky and Ozersko-Khovansky aquifers turn to be the most commonly used ones supplying water to 30.7% and 27.3% of the total artesian wells. The Oksko-Tarussky and Podolsko-Myachkovsky aquifers rank second, feeding 21% and 18.9% of the wells, respectively. The share of the Kasimovsky aquifer in the total water supply is only 2.1%. Although the recommended lifespan of an artesian well is 25 years, two-thirds of the wells in Ryazan region have been in service for 26 to 50 years, and one in every 4 wells is over 50 years old. The chemical composition of the groundwater drawn from different aquifers is different. High concentrations (0.7 mg/l) of iron (Fe2+) are present in the water from the Ozersko-Khovansky aquifer (р ≥ 0.05). Sulfates are found in abundance in the Podolsko-Myachkovsky and Ozersko-Khovansky aquifer. The water from the Oksko-Tarussky aquifer contains high concentrations of ionized ammonia.

scholarly journals Challenges for Water Quality Protection in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Addis Ababa and the Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia –Time to Take Stock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melaku Getachew ◽  
Worku Legesse Mulat ◽  
Seid Tiku Mereta ◽  
Geremew Sahilu Gebrie ◽  
Mary Kelly-Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Wide Range

Ethiopia, the second-most populous country in Africa after Nigeria, has more than one hundred million people and is one of the world’s fastest-growing countries in terms of economy. It has 12 major river basins with an annual renewable flow of 122 billion m3. The country is facing increasing pressures on water resources both in terms of quantity and quality. Many researchers have highlighted that water pollution is severe and increasing particularly in the environs of Addis Ababa because of complex anthropogenic factors. The objective of this review was to synthesize the key results of research to date on the water quality in the environs of Addis Ababa and use that information to highlight management gaps, challenges and future research needs. According to the studies reviewed, water pollution pressures result from rapid urbanization and industrial expansion without adequate solid waste management and wastewater treatment facilities and agricultural activities. The problems are compounded by law enforcement difficulties. Trace metal contamination of rivers, streams, reservoirs and their bioaccumulation in vegetables highlight the urgency of addressing water pollution in the catchment. Most studies agreed that water from reservoirs, rivers and streams in the environs of Addis Ababa is unfit for human consumption as it contains a wide range of pollutants that could affect community health. Hence effective pollution detection, mitigation measures, and monitoring including the development of bioassessment tools, together with cost-effective management measures are urgently required to reverse the decline in water quality in Ethiopia in general and in the greater metropolitan area of Addis Ababa and the upper Awash basin in particular. Keywords: Addis Ababa, Metropolitan, Waste management, Upper Awash basin, Water quality

scholarly journals Quality of drinking water in rural areas: problems of legal environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 09022
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Yermolenko ◽  
Olena Hafurova ◽  
Maryna Deineha ◽  
Tamara Novak ◽  
Alena Temnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Monitoring ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Council Directive ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
State Water

The article is devoted to the scientific and theoretical analysis of the current state of legal provision of drinking water quality in rural areas. It was stated that in recent years there has been a steady trend of deteriorating quality of water used for drinking in rural areas, including due to increasing levels of nitrate pollution. Proposals have been made for: further implementation of Council Directive 98/83 / EU on the quality of water intended for human consumption and Council Directive 91/676/ EEC on the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources in national legislation; elimination of substantive inconsistencies between State sanitary norms and rules 2.2.4-171-10 “Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption” and National Standards of Ukraine 7525: 2014 “Drinking water. Requirements and methods of quality control “in terms of drinking water quality indicators; inclusion in the subjects of state water monitoring of the central executive body that implements the state policy in the field of health care (regarding the monitoring of drinking water); development of the Procedure for state monitoring of nitrate content in surface and groundwater as a component of state water monitoring; forecasting at the level of the National Target Program “Drinking Water of Ukraine” for 2021-2025 “development and operation of a single state information resource - Interactive map of drinking water quality in Ukraine.

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