scholarly journals Comparison of selected methods for recovery of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Corrêa Medeiros ◽  
Luiz Antonio Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Advance Research ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Raw Wastewater ◽  
Giardia Cysts

More precise methods are needed to recover Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts from wastewater in order to advance research related to their inactivation, removal, quantification, and species differentiation. This study applied different methods to recover the maximum number of (oo)cysts from wastewater samples using ColorSeed®. Immunomagnetic separation assisted in capturing oocysts mainly in samples with medium and low turbidity. A triple centrifugation method reached recovery rates of 85% and 20%, for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, respectively, in raw wastewater, and 62.5 and 17.5% in secondary-treated effluent. For low turbidity-treated effluent, membrane filtration reached 67.5% recovery for Giardia cysts and 22.5% for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Simple, quick and low-cost methods do not involve much handling of the samples and could be useful, particularly in developing countries.

Comparison of methods for the concentration ofCryptosporidiumoocysts andGiardiacysts from raw waters

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 675-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christobel Ferguson ◽  
Christine Kaucner ◽  
Martin Krogh ◽  
Daniel Deere ◽  
Malcolm Warnecke
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Giardia Cysts

This study compared the recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts ((oo)cysts) from raw waters using 4 different concentration–elution methods: flatbed membranes, FiltaMaxTMfoam, EnvirochekTMHV capsules, and Hemoflow ultrafilters. The recovery efficiency of the combined immunomagnetic separation and staining steps was also determined. Analysis of variance of arcsine-transformed data demonstrated that recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts by 2 of the methods was statistically equivalent (flatbed filtration 26.7% and Hemoflow 28.3%), with FiltaMaxTMand EnvirochekTMHV recoveries significantly lower (18.9% and 18.4%). Recovery of Giardia cysts was significantly higher using flatbed membrane filtration (42.2%) compared with the other 3 methods (EnvirochekTMHV 29.3%, FiltaMaxTM29.0%, and Hemoflow 20.9%). All methods were generally acceptable and are suitable for laboratory use; 2 of the methods are also suitable for field use (FiltaMaxTMand EnvirochekTMHV). In conclusion, with recoveries generally being statistically equivalent or similar, practical considerations become important in determining which filters to use for particular circumstances. The results indicate that while low-turbidity or "finished" waters can be processed with consistently high recovery efficiencies, recoveries from raw water samples differ significantly with variations in raw water quality. The use of an internal control with each raw water sample is therefore highly recommended.Key words: catchments, EnvirochekTMHV, Hemoflow, FiltaMaxTM, flatbed filtration.

scholarly journals Detection of Giardia genotypes in sewage and in stool samples in Israel

2020 ◽  
pp. 029-032
Author(s):  
Nasser Abidelfatah M ◽  
Benisti Neta-Lee ◽  
Taran-Benshoshan Marina ◽  
Kravitz Valeria ◽  
Nitzan Yeshayahu
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Positive Stool ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Assemblage B ◽  
Raw Wastewater ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Giardia is a protozoan parasite which causes a severe disease called Giardiasis. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Giardia cysts in raw wastewater and its prevalence in the study community. Furthermore, the prevalence of assemblages A and B in sewage was compared with their prevalence in stool samples tested positive for Giardia. All wastewater samples were found positive for Giardia at a concentration range of 10-12225 cysts/L. Positive stool samples contained Giardia at an average concentration of 1.4x105cysts/gr. Giardia assemblage A alone was detected in 38.2% of wastewater samples, whereas assemblage B was not detected separately. However, 61.8% of the samples were found to contain both assemblages. In stool samples, the majority 27 out of 50 (54%) were found to contain assemblage B, 34.6% contained assemblage A and only 11.5% contained a mix of both assemblages. The results of the study indicate that Giardia is highly prevalent in wastewater in Israel reflecting its prevalence in the community. In addition, assemblage A is highly prevalent in wastewater, whereas assemblage B is more prevalent in stool samples, suggesting milder and/or carrier state of infection for assemblage A.

Studies on the prevalence of giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts in South African water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
C. Hilner ◽  
M. du Preez ◽  
B. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
South African Water ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The levels of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 650 environmental water samples were investigated. Cysts and oocysts were found in all types of water tested. The presence of Giardia cysts exceeded Cryptosporidium oocysts both in the number per sample and the number of positive samples. Almost 50% of sewage samples studied contained Giardia cysts and 30% contained both Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Treatment of sewage resulted in a reduction in the percentage of samples containing cysts and/or oocysts (30% of treated effluent samples were positive for Giardia and 25% had both cysts and oocysts). Higher numbers of Giardia cysts were found in surface water samples than in either sewage or treated effluents (55% of surface water samples were positive). However, the number of cysts isolated per surface water sample was lower on average. Most water purification plants showed effective removal of cysts and oocysts. However, 13% of potable water samples contained protozoan parasites, indicating occasional failure of the purification processes and the need for monitoring final treated water.

scholarly journals Characterization of Shiga Toxin Gene (stx)-Positive and Intimin Gene (eae)-Positive Escherichia coli Isolates from Wastewater of Slaughterhouses in France

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 3245-3251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle Loukiadis ◽  
Monique K�rour�dan ◽  
Lothar Beutin ◽  
Eric Oswald ◽  
Hubert Brug�re
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Colony Counting ◽  
Wastewater Samples

ABSTRACT Wastewater samples from 12 slaughterhouses located in different regions in France were tested for the presence of stx-positive and eae-positive Escherichia coli isolates, and characteristics of the isolates obtained were determined. A total of 224 wastewater samples were collected in wastewater treatment plants at different stages of wastewater processing. Altogether, 5,001 E. coli isolates were obtained by colony counting and screened for the presence of stx and eae genes by multiplex PCR. stx-positive and eae-positive E. coli isolates were detected in 25% of the samples collected; they were found in 13% and 3% of the samples obtained from treated effluent and sludge, respectively, suggesting that they could be spread into the environment. Screening of the samples collected by immunomagnetic separation allowed us to isolate 31 additional E. coli serogroup O157 isolates. Four of these isolates harbored stx and eae genes. All stx-positive and eae-positive E. coli isolates were analyzed for eae and stx genetic variants, as well as for additional virulence factors and serotypes. Our results suggest that the majority of the stx- and eae-positive E. coli isolates from wastewater have low virulence for humans. However, the diversity of the enterohemorrhagic E. coli-associated virulence factors in the strains indicates that the environment may play an important role in the emergence of new pathogenic enterohemorrhagic E. coli strains.

Occurrence and removal of Giardia sp. cysts by Kenyan and French waste stabilisation pond systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Grimason ◽  
S. Wiandt ◽  
B. Baleux ◽  
W. N. Thitai ◽  
J. Bontoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Giardia Cyst ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Raw Wastewater ◽  
Giardia Cysts

A study was conducted to determine the occurrence and removal of Giardia sp. cysts in municipal wastewater by two waste stabilisation pond systems; one at Eldoret, Kenya and one at Meze, France. A total of 71 and 26 grab raw wastewater samples from Eldoret and Meze, respectively, were examined for the presence of cysts. Cysts were detected in 37% (26) and 100% (26) raw wastewater samples, respectively. Cyst concentrations detected in raw wastewater samples ranged from 1×103 to 2.5×104 cysts/l at Eldoret and 230 to 2.5×104 cysts/l at Meze. At Eldoret, all anaerobic (8/8), secondary facultative (5/5) and primary maturation (5/5) pond effluent samples examined were positive for Giardia. Cyst concentrations ranged from 1.25 to 483 cysts/l (anaerobic), 23.5 to 192.5 cysts/l (secondary facultative) and 17.2 to 118.5 cysts/l (primary maturation), respectively. At Meze, cysts were detected in 12 of 12 primary facultative (range 4.4 to 48 cysts/l) and 9 of 11 (82 %) primary maturation pond effluents (range 0.2 to 16 cysts/l). In final maturation pond effluent, Giardia cysts were detected in 100% of final pond effluents discharged from Eldoret (n=10; range 21 to 90 cysts/l) and 7 of 16 (44%; range 0.1 to 2.5 cysts/l) from Meze. The occurrence of cysts in final pond effluents examined would indicate that cumulative retention periods of up to 25.3 days at Eldoret and 40 days at Meze would be sufficient to remove between 99.1% and 99.7% of cysts, respectively, but that such retention periods are insufficient to ensure the complete removal of Giardia sp. cysts.

Evaluation of activated sludge treatment and the efficiency of the disinfection of Giardia species cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts by UV at a sludge treatment plant in Campinas, south-east Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cantusio Neto ◽  
J.U. Santos ◽  
R.M.B. Franco
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Among many waterborne diseases the giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are of particular public health interest, because Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts can persist for long periods in the environment, and both pathogenic protozoa have been implicated as the cause of many outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the last 25 years. In order to evaluate the efficiency of cysts and oocysts' removal by the activated sludge process, and by UV reactor in inactivating cysts and oocysts in one wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Campinas, three sampling points were selected for study: (1) influent, (2) treated effluent without UV disinfection and (3) treated effluent with UV disinfection. Giardia spp. cysts prevailed with higher density in the three different sample types. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were observed in only two samples of influent and just one sample of treated sewage with UV disinfection. In the animal infectivity assay for Giardia spp, one mouse of the UV treated group revealed trophozoites in intestinal scrapings. The results of the present study indicate that treatment by activated sludge process delivered a reduction of 98.9% of cysts and 99.7% of oocysts and UV disinfection was not completely efficient regarding the inactivation of Giardia cysts in the case of the WWTP studied.

Isolation and Enumeration of Giardia Cysts, Cryptosporidium Oocysts, and Ascaris Eggs from Fruits and Vegetables

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. ROBERTSON ◽  
B. GJERDE
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Brightfield Microscopy ◽  
Bean Sprouts ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Published techniques for recovering parasites from fruit and vegetables are generally inadequate, with low and variable recovery efficiencies. Here we describe an improved methodology for analyzing fruit and vegetables for Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and Ascaris eggs. The method includes washing procedures, sonication, and, for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, immunomagnetic separation. Identification is by immunofluorescence (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) or brightfield microscopy (Ascaris). Recovery efficiencies from lettuce, Chinese leaves, and strawberries were found to be approximately 67% for Giardia, 42% for Cryptosporidium, and 72% for Ascaris. Recovery efficiencies from bean sprouts tended to be more variable and lower. This could be due to material removed with the parasites during the washing procedures, which, in turn, appeared related to the age of the bean sprouts. It is therefore recommended that fruit and vegetables should be as fresh as possible when analyzed for parasites.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvi Gaut ◽  
Lucy Robertson ◽  
Bjørn Gjerde ◽  
Atle Dagestad ◽  
Bjørge Brattli
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
First Time ◽  
Groundwater Wells ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock has been investigated for the first time. Wells close to risk areas such as farming and septic tanks were chosen. In all, 20 water samples from 20 different waterworks were collected. The samples were analysed for Cryptosporidium and Giardia, using US EPA Method 1623. Turbidity was also measured. Water samples from 10 of the waterworks were also analysed for Clostridium perfringens by membrane filtration. Cryptosporidium was detected in the groundwater samples from 3 of the waterworks. Giardia and Clostridium perfringens were not detected. Too few samples were analysed to verify whether Giardia is indeed absent from bedrock wells, and further studies are recommended to give more reliable data.

Enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water concentrates by laser-scanning cytometry

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Zanelli ◽  
B. Compagnon ◽  
J. C. Joret ◽  
M. R. de Roubin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Laser Scanning Cytometry ◽  
Direct Microscopic Observation

The utilization of the ChemScan® RDI was tested for different types of water concentrates. Concentrates were prepared by cartridge filtration or flocculation, and analysed either without purification, or after Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) or flotation on percoll-sucrose gradients. Theenumeration of the oocysts was subsequently performed using the ChemScan® RDI Cryptosporidium application. Enumeration by direct microscopic observation of the entire surface of the membrane was carried out as a control, and recoveries were calculated as a ratio between the ChemScan® RDI result and the result obtained with direct microscopic enumeration. The Chemscan enumeration technique proved reliable, with recoveries yielding close to 100% in most cases (average 125%, range from 86 to 467%) for all the concentration/purification techniques tested. The quality of the antibodies was shown to be critical, with antibodies from some suppliers yielding recoveries a low as 10% in some cases. This difficulty could, however, be overcome by the utilization of the antibody provided by Chemunex. These data conclusively prove that laser scanning cytometry, which greatly facilitates the microscopic enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water samples and decreases the time of observation by four to six times, can be successfully applied to water concentrates prepared from a variety of concentration/purification techniques.

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