scholarly journals Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvi Gaut ◽  
Lucy Robertson ◽  
Bjørn Gjerde ◽  
Atle Dagestad ◽  
Bjørge Brattli
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
First Time ◽  
Groundwater Wells ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock has been investigated for the first time. Wells close to risk areas such as farming and septic tanks were chosen. In all, 20 water samples from 20 different waterworks were collected. The samples were analysed for Cryptosporidium and Giardia, using US EPA Method 1623. Turbidity was also measured. Water samples from 10 of the waterworks were also analysed for Clostridium perfringens by membrane filtration. Cryptosporidium was detected in the groundwater samples from 3 of the waterworks. Giardia and Clostridium perfringens were not detected. Too few samples were analysed to verify whether Giardia is indeed absent from bedrock wells, and further studies are recommended to give more reliable data.

scholarly journals Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts in watersheds and drinking water sources in Brazil urban areas

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini ◽  
Thaís Filomena da Silva Santos ◽  
Veridiana Karmann Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The protozoan parasites Giardia and Cryptosporidium have been described as important waterborne disease pathogens, and are associated with severe gastrointestinal illnesses. The objective of this paper was to investigate the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples from watershed catchments and treated water sources. A total of 25 water samples were collected and examined according to the US EPA—Method 1623, 2005, consisting of 12 from drinking water and 13 from raw water. Positive samples from raw water for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were 46.1 and 7.6%, respectively. In finished water, positive samples were 41.7% for Giardia cysts and 25.0% for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Concentrations of Giardia cysts found in raw water samples ranged from “not detected” to 3.4 cysts/L, whereas concentrations of Cryptoporidium oocysts ranged from “not detected” to 0.1 oocysts/L. In finished water, Giardia concentrations ranged from “not detected” to 0.06 cysts/L, and Cryptosporidium, from “not detected” to 0.01 oocysts/L. Concentrations of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not high in the samples analyzed. Nevertheless, the results of this study highlight the need to monitor these organisms in both raw and drinking water.

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in a conventional water purification plant

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hashimoto ◽  
T. Hirata ◽  
S. Kunikane
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Giardia Cyst ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Observation Level ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Purification Plant ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Giardia Cysts

A one-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was conducted at a water purification plant. A total of thirteen 50 L samples of river source water and twenty-six 2,000 L samples of filtered water (treated by coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and rapid filtration) were concentrated using a hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane module at a purification plant. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in all raw water samples with a geometric mean concentration of 400 oocysts/m3 (range 160-1,500 oocysts/m3). Giardia cysts were detected in 12/13 raw waters (92%) with a geometric mean concentration of 170 cysts/m3 (range 40-580 oocysts/m3). Probability distributions of both Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentration in raw water were nearly log-normal. In filtered water samples, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 9/26 samples (35%) with a geometric mean concentration of 1.2 oocysts/m3 (range 0.5-8 oocysts/m3) and Giardia cysts in three samples (12%) with 0.8 cysts/m3 (range 0.5-2 oocysts/m3). The estimated removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was, respectively, 2.54 log10 and 2.53 log10 on the basis of geometric means, 3.20 and 3.57 log10 on the basis of 50% observation level and 2.70 and 2.90 log10 on the basis of 90% observation level.

Influence of US EPA 1622 method successive steps on the viability of Cryptosporidium oocysts

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Guyot ◽  
M. F. Gireaudot-Liepmann ◽  
A. Cabon ◽  
I. Riveau-Ricard ◽  
M. Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Cartridge Filter ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts ◽  
Elution Step

Viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were processed by the US EPA 1622 method to determine if the procedure that requires successive filtration, elutionand centrifugation alters their integrity and viability (determined by in vitro excystation). Oocyst seeded in tap water samples were also used to evaluate recovery efficiencies and impact of the whole procedure on oocyst viability. Filtration through Envirochek Gelman cartridge was found not to damage oocysts. The use of Laureth-12 buffer during the elution step was shown to lead to greater spontaneous oocysts excystation than other phosphate buffers containing between 80 and/or SDS (like the Gelman buffer). However, this drawback was widely balanced against the best efficiency of this buffer to elute oocysts captured by the cartridge filter and therefore against its high recovery efficiency. Thus, in water samples in which the oocyst concentration is expected to be low, it is more advantageous to employ the Laureth-12 buffer for the elution through it can influence viability. Centrifugation speeds (1,000–5,000 g) did not alter oocysts.

Evaluation of fluorogenic TSC agar for recovering Clostridium perfringens in groundwater samples

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Araujo ◽  
R. A. Sueiro ◽  
M. J. Gómez ◽  
M. J. Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
The Media ◽  
Filtration Technique

Clostridium perfringens is widely recognised as a reliable water pollution indicator. Since several media can be employed for the membrane filtration enumeration of this microorganism, the main aim of this work was to investigate the ability of fluorocult-supplemented TSC-agar (Merck) for recovering Cl. perfringens from public springs used for direct human consumption. Cl. perfringens recovery was also performed on mCP agar (Cultimed) according to Directive 98/83 as well as on TSC-Agar (Merck), TSN-Agar (Merck) and SPS-Agar (BBL) media. Variance analysis of data obtained showed no statistically significant differences in the counts obtained among all media employed in this work. However, the Cl. perfringens recovery efficiencies with TSC and fluorogenic TSC agars were significantly greater (P = < 0.05) than the corresponding values of mCP and TSN media. On the other hand, the identification of typical and atypical colonies isolated from all media demonstrated that fluorogenic TSC agar was the most specific medium for Cl. perfringens recovery in groundwater samples (85.3% of typical colonies and 82.8% of atypical colonies confirmed). In summary, the membrane filtration technique with fluorogenic TSC agar showed the best performance characteristics of all the media tested as judged by their recovery efficiency and specificity in these water samples.

Studies on the prevalence of giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts in South African water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
C. Hilner ◽  
M. du Preez ◽  
B. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
South African Water ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The levels of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 650 environmental water samples were investigated. Cysts and oocysts were found in all types of water tested. The presence of Giardia cysts exceeded Cryptosporidium oocysts both in the number per sample and the number of positive samples. Almost 50% of sewage samples studied contained Giardia cysts and 30% contained both Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Treatment of sewage resulted in a reduction in the percentage of samples containing cysts and/or oocysts (30% of treated effluent samples were positive for Giardia and 25% had both cysts and oocysts). Higher numbers of Giardia cysts were found in surface water samples than in either sewage or treated effluents (55% of surface water samples were positive). However, the number of cysts isolated per surface water sample was lower on average. Most water purification plants showed effective removal of cysts and oocysts. However, 13% of potable water samples contained protozoan parasites, indicating occasional failure of the purification processes and the need for monitoring final treated water.

scholarly journals Comparison of selected methods for recovery of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Corrêa Medeiros ◽  
Luiz Antonio Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Advance Research ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Raw Wastewater ◽  
Giardia Cysts

More precise methods are needed to recover Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts from wastewater in order to advance research related to their inactivation, removal, quantification, and species differentiation. This study applied different methods to recover the maximum number of (oo)cysts from wastewater samples using ColorSeed®. Immunomagnetic separation assisted in capturing oocysts mainly in samples with medium and low turbidity. A triple centrifugation method reached recovery rates of 85% and 20%, for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, respectively, in raw wastewater, and 62.5 and 17.5% in secondary-treated effluent. For low turbidity-treated effluent, membrane filtration reached 67.5% recovery for Giardia cysts and 22.5% for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Simple, quick and low-cost methods do not involve much handling of the samples and could be useful, particularly in developing countries.

Occurrence of Parasites on Fruits and Vegetables in Norway

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1793-1798 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. ROBERTSON ◽  
B. GJERDE
Keyword(s):  
Mung Bean ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Wealthy Country ◽  
Mung Bean Sprouts ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Radish Sprouts ◽  
Sprouted Seeds ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bean Sprouts ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Between August 1999 and January 2001, samples of various fruits and vegetables obtained within Norway were analyzed by published methods for parasite contamination. Neither Cyclospora oocysts nor Ascaris (or other helminth) eggs were detected on any of the samples examined for these parasites. However, of the 475 samples examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, 29 (6%) were found to be positive. No samples were positive for both parasites. Of the 19 Cryptosporidium-positive samples, 5 (26%) were in lettuce, and 14 (74%) in mung bean sprouts. Of the 10 Giardia-positive samples, 2 (20%) were in dill, 2 (20%) in lettuce, 3 (30%) in mung bean sprouts, 1 (10%) in radish sprouts, and 2 (20%) in strawberries. Mung bean sprouts were significantly more likely to be contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts or Giardia cysts than the other fruits and vegetables. Concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia detected were generally low (mean of approximately 3 [oo]cysts per 100 g produce). Although some of the contaminated produce was imported (the majority, if sprouted seeds are excluded), there was no association between imported produce and detection of parasites. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were also detected in water samples concerned with field irrigation and production of bean sprouts within Norway. This is the first time that parasites have been detected on vegetables and fruit obtained in a highly developed, wealthy country, without there being an outbreak situation. These findings may have important implications for global food safety.

Comparison of methods for the concentration ofCryptosporidiumoocysts andGiardiacysts from raw waters

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 675-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christobel Ferguson ◽  
Christine Kaucner ◽  
Martin Krogh ◽  
Daniel Deere ◽  
Malcolm Warnecke
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Giardia Cysts

This study compared the recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts ((oo)cysts) from raw waters using 4 different concentration–elution methods: flatbed membranes, FiltaMaxTMfoam, EnvirochekTMHV capsules, and Hemoflow ultrafilters. The recovery efficiency of the combined immunomagnetic separation and staining steps was also determined. Analysis of variance of arcsine-transformed data demonstrated that recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts by 2 of the methods was statistically equivalent (flatbed filtration 26.7% and Hemoflow 28.3%), with FiltaMaxTMand EnvirochekTMHV recoveries significantly lower (18.9% and 18.4%). Recovery of Giardia cysts was significantly higher using flatbed membrane filtration (42.2%) compared with the other 3 methods (EnvirochekTMHV 29.3%, FiltaMaxTM29.0%, and Hemoflow 20.9%). All methods were generally acceptable and are suitable for laboratory use; 2 of the methods are also suitable for field use (FiltaMaxTMand EnvirochekTMHV). In conclusion, with recoveries generally being statistically equivalent or similar, practical considerations become important in determining which filters to use for particular circumstances. The results indicate that while low-turbidity or "finished" waters can be processed with consistently high recovery efficiencies, recoveries from raw water samples differ significantly with variations in raw water quality. The use of an internal control with each raw water sample is therefore highly recommended.Key words: catchments, EnvirochekTMHV, Hemoflow, FiltaMaxTM, flatbed filtration.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document