scholarly journals Retronasal perception and flavour thresholds of iron and copper in drinking water

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Omur-Ozbek ◽  
Andrea M. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
The One ◽  
Cuprous Ion ◽  
Taste Thresholds ◽  
Cuprous Ions

Drinking water flavour has a strong role in water quality perception, service satisfaction, willingness to pay and selection of water sources. Metallic flavours are often caused by the dissolved iron and copper, commonly found in groundwater or introduced to tap water by corroding infrastructure. Taste thresholds of iron and copper have been investigated by several studies; however, reported results and test methods vary considerably. This study determined the taste thresholds of ferrous and cuprous ions in room temperature reagent water by using the one-of-five test with multi-nation panellists in the United States. For ferrous and cuprous ions, individual thresholds ranged from 0.003 to >5 mg l−1 and 0.035 to >5 mg l−1, respectively. Population thresholds were determined by logistic regression and geometric mean methods as 0.031 and 0.05 mg l−1 for ferrous ion, and 0.61 mg l−1 for cuprous ion by both methods. The components of metallic sensation were investigated by use of nose-clips while panellists ingested iron and copper solutions. Results showed that metallic sensation has a significant odour component and should be treated as a flavour instead of a taste. Ferrous, cuprous and cupric ions also produced weak bitter and salty tastes as well as astringent mouthfeel. In comparison, ferric ion produced no sensation.

scholarly journals Who is Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages with Plain Water? Analyses of NHANES 2011–16 Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 557-557
Author(s):  
Colin Rehm ◽  
Matthieu Maillot ◽  
Florent Vieux ◽  
Pamela Barrios ◽  
Adam Drewnowski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Objectives In the United States, replacing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) with plain drinking water is recommended via by numerous public health agencies and non-governmental organizations. While declines in SSB consumption in the US are well-documented, it is not clear if consumers are replacing SSBs with other beverages, namely plain drinking water. Methods Beverage consumption data for 7453 children (4–18y) and 15,263 adults (≥19y) came from two 24 h dietary recalls in three most recent cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011–2016). Consumption trends for water intakes (in mL/d) from SSBs and from drinking water were analyzed by gender, age group, family income, and race/ethnicity. Results Mean water intakes from SSBs declined from 322 mL/d to 262 mL/d (p-trend = 0.002) on average, whereas plain drinking water increased from 1011 mL/d to 1144 mL/d (p-trend = 0.0108). Statistically significant reductions in SSBs were observed only among men (-18%), younger participants (-26% in 4–8, -22% in 9–13, -33% in 14–19 and -30% in 20–30), those with lower incomes (family income-to-poverty ratio < 2.0), non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic black participants (p-trend < 0.05 for each). Within these population sub-groups, only non-Hispanic white participants, those with a family income to poverty ratio of 1–1.99, but not < 1.0, and children aged < 14y had a corresponding increase in plain water consumption. When examining types of water, non-Hispanic white participants replaced SSBs with tap water as opposed to bottled water, and the lower income group replaced SSBs with bottled water, as opposed to tap water. Conclusions The expected replacement of SSBs with plain drinking water was not uniformly observed across socio-demographic group. Only non-Hispanic Whites and lower income groups replaced SSB with water, whereas teenagers (14–19y) and non-Hispanic black participants did not. Understanding how and if specific population sub-groups are replacing a declining food/beverage category with another category has important population health implications. Funding Sources Analyses of publicly available federal NHANES databases were sponsored by PepsiCo Inc. and conducted by MS-Nutrition. The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.

scholarly journals Detection of Glyphosate in Drinking Water: A Fast and Direct Detection Method without Sample Pretreatment

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jafar Noori ◽  
Maria Dimaki ◽  
John Mortensen ◽  
Winnie Svendsen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Measured Signal

Glyphosate (Gly) is one of the most problematic pesticides that repeatedly appears in drinking water. Continuous on-site detection of Gly in water supplies can provide an early warning in incidents of contamination, before the pesticide reaches the drinking water. Here, we report the first direct detection of Gly in tap water with electrochemical sensing. Gold working electrodes were used to detect the pesticide in spiked tap water without any supporting electrolyte, sample pretreatment or electrode modifications. Amperometric measurements were used to quantify Gly to a limit of detection of 2 μM, which is below the regulation limit of permitted contamination of drinking water in the United States. The quantification of Gly was linearly proportional with the measured signal. The selectivity of this method was evaluated by applying the same technique on a Gly Metabolite, AMPA, and on another pesticide, omethoate, with a chemical structure similar to Gly. The testing revealed no interfering electrochemical activity at the potential range used for Gly detection. The simple detection of Gly presented in this work may lead to direct on-site monitoring of Gly contamination at drinking water sources.

scholarly journals Effective Dose Radon 222 of the Tap Water in Children and Adults People; Minab City, Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadolah Fakhri ◽  
Morteza Kargosha ◽  
Ghazaleh Langarizadeh ◽  
Yahya Zandsalimi ◽  
Leila Rasouli Amirhajeloo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
P Value ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Mean Concentration

<sup>222</sup>Rn is a radioactive, odorless, and colorless element which has a half-life of 3.83 days. One of <sup>222</sup>Rn main resources are Groundwater (wells, springs, etc.). Hence, the use of groundwater with high concentration of <sup>222</sup>Rn can increase the risk of lung and stomach cancers. Concentration of <sup>222</sup>Rn in tap water of Minab city in two temperatures 5 and 15 ºC was measured by radon meter model RTM1668-2. The effective dose was calculated by equations proposed by UNSCEAR. Geometric mean concentration of <sup>222</sup>Rn in drinking water was found to be 0.78±0.06 and 0.46±0.04 Bq/l at 5 and 15  ̊C (p value&lt;0.05), respectively. The effective doses were 0.006 and 0.003 mSv/y for adults, and 0.011 and 0.007 mSv/y for the children, respectively (p value&lt;0.05). Besides, the effective dose for adult through inhaling <sup>222</sup>Rn at 5 and 15  ̊C were estimated 0.0021 and 0.0012mSv/y, respectively. Geometric mean concentration in <sup>222</sup>Rn drinking water and effective dose received from drinking water and inhalation of <sup>222</sup>Rn is lower than WHO and EPA standard limits. Increasing temperature of drinking water will decrease the effective dose received. Annual Effective dose received from inhalation and consumption of <sup>222</sup>Rn in drinking water in children is more than adults.

scholarly journals Springing for Safe Water: Drinking Water Quality and Source Selection in Central Appalachian Communities

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Patton ◽  
Leigh-Anne Krometis ◽  
Emily Sarver
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Source Selection

Issues surrounding water infrastructure, access, and quality are well documented in the Central Appalachian region of the United States. Even in cases where residents have in-home piped point-of-use (POU) water, some rely on alternative drinking water sources for daily needs—including water collection from roadside springs. This effort aims to better understand and document spring usage in this region by identifying the factors that influence drinking water source selection and comparing household and spring water quality to Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) health-based and aesthetic contaminant recommendations. Households were recruited from communities surrounding known springs in three states (Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia). First- and second-draw, in-home POU tap water samples were collected from participating households and compared to samples collected from local springs on the same day. Samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria and inorganic ions. Study participants completed surveys to document perceptions of household drinking water and typical usage. The majority of survey participants (82.6%) did not trust their home tap water due to aesthetic issues. Water quality results suggested that fecal indicator bacteria were more common in spring water, while several metallic ions were recovered in higher concentrations from household samples. These observations highlight that health risks and perceptions may be different between sources.

Public thresholds for chlorinous flavors in U.S. tap water

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. Mackey ◽  
H. Baribeau ◽  
G.F. Crozes ◽  
I.H. Suffet ◽  
P. Piriou
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Sensitivity Limit ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Astm Method ◽  
Consumer Dissatisfaction ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Considering this rapid growth in the purchasing of bottled water and home filtration devices, utilities are increasingly concerned about consumer dissatisfaction with tap water quality. This project aimed to characterize public perceptions of chlorinous flavors in drinking water, and how these impact customers' choices with respect to consumption of tap water alternatives. On-site taste tests at seven water utilities with 30 to 40 panelists at each site, were conducted using a forced-choice triangle test method (ASTM method E679-91) to measure public sensitivity to chlorine and chloramine in drinking water. The chlor(am)ine concentration increased from set to set. The best-estimate sensitivity limit for each panelist was the geometric mean of that concentration at which the last miss occurred and the next (adjacent) higher concentration. The measured sensitivity limit of average American populations to free chlorine (159 persons tested) and chloramine (93 persons tested) in tap water were 0.8 and 3.7 mg/L Cl2, respectively. These thresholds are much higher than those previously reported in the literature using trained FPA panels. No significant differences were observed between tap water users and users of tap water alternatives or between the various markets tested with respect to average sensitivity, though individual sensitivity varied widely.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of disinfection and flushing procedures to prevent coliform persistence in aircraft water systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1339-1346
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Szabo ◽  
Mark Rodgers ◽  
Jatin Mistry ◽  
Joshua Steenbock ◽  
John Hall
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
The One

Abstract A full-scale reproduction of an aircraft drinking water system was conditioned using municipal tap water with a mixture of free chlorine and chloramines, and subsequently contaminated with coliforms. Disinfection was undertaken using chlorine dioxide, ozone and a mixed oxidant solution followed by flushing until no disinfectant residual remained. Results showed that coliforms were not persistent on the aircraft plumbing surfaces, and coliforms were not detected after disinfection and flushing with any disinfectant. The one exception was the aerator installed in the lavatory faucet, which was coliform positive after disinfection with ozone and mixed oxidants. These data suggest that the faucet aerators could be a source of coliform contamination that may result in coliform positive samples. Further experiments conducted on disinfection of aerators with glycolic acid and quaternary ammonia (both commonly used by the airlines) showed no detectable coliforms on coliform contaminated aerators after 30 minutes of soaking in the disinfectants.

Development of artificial neural networks for the prediction of the consumption of pathogenic microorganisms in water and for the calculation of the risk of individual annual contamination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kombo Mpindou Gilver Odilon Mendel ◽  
Chorda Ramon Estela ◽  
Garcia Ganzalez Eva
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Diarrhoeal Diseases ◽  
The City

&lt;p&gt;In developing countries, diseases related to lack of water or inadequate water quality cause the death of approximately 5 million people annually, of whom about 1.8 million die from diarrhoeal diseases, 90% of them being children under five, which is equivalent to 4,500 children per day (WHO, 2004; Rojas, 2006). The WHO reports that improvements in water quality alone reduce morbidity from diarrhoeal diseases by a third or more (WHO, 2007), and drinking water treatment plants&amp;#160; are currently the focus of Protozoan studies on water supply. Giardia and Crytosporidium are two of the protozoa that are currently of greatest interest due to their resistance to conventional disinfection processes (Johnson et al., 2003), and they can exist in the presence of high concentrations of free chlorine (Corbitt, 1999). A reality that confirms this fact is that 98% of the individuals affected by epidemic outbreaks in the United States were supplied by drinking water plants using a conventional treatment system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The DWTP of the Dam that caters 859885 people, corresponds to a series of municipalities in the northern area of the metropolitan area of Valencia (Spain), and the central-north-western districts of the city of Valencia face this problem. In a study conducted from 2006 to 2010, in the water used for human consumption in the city of Valencia, some positive concentrations of networked oocysts were detected. In conclusion, it is possible that the protozoa entered the network, as the analyses indicate, and that the pathology exists in the environment although no outbreaks have been recorded to date. Given that it is present in raw water, it is very convenient and interesting to develop a tool capable of evaluating the water treatment process, from production to the consumer, a useful tool for operators as a support for decision-making. The campaign was carried out throughout the year, taking a weekly sample, the analyses were made with the EPA1623 method. A survey was also carried out in person on volunteers who indicate their age, sex, postal code o and number of glasses of tap water ingested. The purpose of this study was to show how an artificial neural network&amp;#160; can be useful to predict the consumption of pathogenic microorganisms. More specifically, the aim is to develop a backpropagation type neuronal network capable of discriminating between those who consume and those who do not, based on the answers given by the subjects to a questionnaire, with the main objective of demonstrating the usefulness of the methodology based on neuronal networks for risk stratification, applying it to the calculation of the probability of the annual risk of individual contamination of the population supplied&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Variations in Dissolved Nitrate, Chloride, and Sulfate in Precipitation, Reservoir, and Tap Waters, Columbus, Ohio

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Leslie ◽  
W. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Residential Distribution

Urban potable waters can be very susceptible to human activities that can impact water quality and, hence, public health. Columbus, Ohio, is currently the 14th largest city in the United States with an estimated population of ~860,000. Much of the urban population receives its water supply from a series of reservoirs located north of the city proper. These reservoirs are fed by river systems that drain either large agricultural lands, or rapidly growing suburban areas, or both. The agricultural activities introduce dissolved nitrate, and increased usage of de-icing salts on roads and highways within the drainage area introduce chloride into the river/reservoir systems. High nitrate in drinking water poses a potential health risk, particularly to infants, while high chloride, applied as halite, in drinking water can aid in the development of cardiovascular disease. In this work, we present a 19-month time series measuring nitrate, chloride, and sulfate in local precipitation, reservoir and household tap waters in order to better understand the relationship of the hydrologic residence time on the tap water chemistry, as well as to evaluate the anion concentrations. The highest chloride tap water concentration, 6.9 mM, occurred in early February 2011, while increases in nitrate occurred in both early summer and the middle of winter. In general, the anion concentrations in the precipitation are all equal to or lower than the reservoir waters. Similarly, the tap water had concentrations of chloride and sulfate higher than reservoir water, while nitrate was similar to reservoir water. Tap water had higher fluoride and sulfate concentrations, suggesting that they are added during the treatment of the reservoir water prior to residential distribution. These data clearly demonstrate the importance of watershed lands on the quality of water in the human distribution system.

Risk assessment of haloacetic acids in the water supply of Tehran, Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 958-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahboobeh Ghoochani ◽  
Noushin Rastkari ◽  
Behzad Heibati ◽  
Mohammad Ghanbari Ghozikali ◽  
Maryam Zare Jeddi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
By Products

Disinfection by-products are compounds occurring in drinking water as a result of reactions between disinfectants and impurities in raw water, and their occurrence has been a public health concern for the last four decades. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are one of the major by-products of chlorination. The concentration and variation of HAAs was monitored in 540 samples taken from tap water in six water and wastewater districts of Tehran, Iran. Seasonal variation indicated that natural organic matter and HAA levels were much higher in the spring and fall seasons. The concentrations of HAAs in drinking water samples varied with water sources. They were higher in drinking water obtained from surface water. In this study, the analysis method of human health risk assessment with regard to exposure to HAAs by drinking water in Tehran was based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline. It was found from these studies that the risk to human health appears to be negligible.

Relationship between availability of basic amenities and proportion of Slum population in Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1354
Author(s):  
Dr. Sakreen Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Class I ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Closed Drainage ◽  
The People ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Slum Population

The urban centers offering diverse employment opportunities and means of livelihood are the main centers of attraction for migration. But the availability of infrastructure is low to accommodate the invariably growing population. The access to basic amenities like electricity, drinking water, toilet facility, wastewater outlet and clean fuel are critical determinants of quality of urbanization. And if it lacks, then it would facilitates the growth of slum.  In this paper it being tried to capture the interdependent relationship between basic amenities and slum population residing in the class I towns in Maharashtra; largest slum populated state of India. As the slum is all about the situation or condition in which the people of medium and lower strata are living. A detailed analysis of proportion of slum population and availability of amenities which includes good housing condition, treated tap water as the source of drinking water, electricity as the source of lightning, households having latrine and bathing facility within the premises, waste water outlet connected to closed drainage, and households availing the banking facilities. This may be a limitation of the study that only these indicators have been taken to assess the availability of amenities and to calculate the amenity index of class I towns of the state of Maharashtra. To achieve the sustainable development goal (Sustainable cities and communities), we have to control the growth of slum population and to combat the formation of slum; we have to analyze the situation of basic infrastructure provided in urban centers. Amenities and slum population has policy implications as to reduce the slum population, provide basic amenities to the households which will improve their standard of living and ultimately lead to reduction in growth of slum and check the future slum formation.

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