scholarly journals Drinking water consumption patterns in Sweden

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Westrell ◽  
Yvonne Andersson ◽  
Thor Axel Stenström
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Consumption Data

Estimates on drinking water consumption are necessary in risk assessments on microbial hazards in drinking water. Large differences in consumption habits between countries have been reported. In order to establish estimates for the Swedish population, water consumption data from a waterborne outbreak investigation (157 people), a small water consumption study (75 people) and a large study on health and environmental factors (10,957 people) were analysed. A lognormal distribution for the daily direct/cold water intake in litres with μ=−0.299 and σ=0.570 was fitted to the quantitative data, representing the general population. The average daily consumption of tap water as plain drinking water and as heated tap water, e.g. in coffee and tea, was 0.86±0.48 l and 0.94±0.69 l, respectively. Women consumed more cold tap water than did men, while men appeared to have a higher consumption of heated tap water. Cold tap water intake was highest in the oldest age group, (≥70 years). The consumption of bottled water was very low (mean 0.06 l/d) when compared to other countries.

scholarly journals Investigation of water consumption patterns among Irish adults for waterborne quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Hynds ◽  
Bruce D. Misstear ◽  
Laurence W. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk

Microbial and chemical contamination of drinking water supplies can cause human health problems. Microbial pathogens are of primary concern and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is employed to assess and manage the risks they pose. Estimates of drinking water consumption, or distributions, are required to assess levels of waterborne pathogen exposure. To establish distributions for the Irish population, water consumption data were collected from 549 rural survey respondents. A further 110 participants completed a five-day water consumption diary. Average daily consumption of tap-water among the primarily rural-dwelling questionnaire respondents was 940 ml day−1 (SD 670 ml day−1) and 1,186 ml day−1 (SD 701 ml day−1) among the principally urban-dwelling diary respondents. Both mean figures are significantly less than the 2,000 ml day−1 default figure currently used for QRMA; therefore its use may lead to overestimation of the waterborne health burden. As the observed daily consumption difference between rural and urban residents is statistically significant, use of separate consumption distributions for QMRA is advocated. Although males reported higher daily tap-water consumption rates than females, these differences were insignificant, so separate consumption distributions are not considered necessary. A log-normal distribution provides the most adequate fit for daily tap-water intake (ml day−1) within both datasets.

Simulating cryptosporidium exposures in drinking water during an outbreak

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Higher Doses

This paper predicts exposures to Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through drinking water under conditions which are consistent with a waterborne outbreak. Sources of variation which contribute to the variation in oocyst exposures include the oocyst densities in the raw waters, the efficiency of oocyst removal by treatment and the daily consumption of unboiled tap water. Even under outbreak conditions the majority of consumers may not ingest any oocysts each day. Of those who are exposed, some ingest just one oocyst/d while others ingest higher doses, which in a small proportion approach the ID50 for C parvum. Ignoring this variation and using a single point average exposure predicts that a much larger proportion of the population is exposed each day but only ever to very low doses of oocysts. The impact of ignoring this variation on the predicted risks depends on the nature of the dose-response curve and, in particular, the assumptions made about the low dose extrapolation. The heterogeneity of oocyst densities in drinking water during an outbreak could contribute to the failure to detect oocysts in some waterborne outbreaks.

scholarly journals Seasonal patterns of drinking water consumption pattern in Mysore City, Karnataka, South India

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-575
Author(s):  
Jessen George ◽  
S. Suriyanarayanan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
South India ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Human Populations

The aim of this study is to determine the general drinking water consumption pattern in Mysore city, Karnataka, South India with special reference to cold water (without boiling), and to construct a data base for water consumption habits of Mysore people. In developing countries microbial risk assessment studies, water intake values are often adopted from developed countries. However, these values may not be suitable for the risk characterization of human populations from tropical regions of developing countries. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the water consumption pattern among the general population in Mysore city as a first attempt in this region. To compare seasonal variations in water consumption patterns, our study was carried in two major seasons, i.e. in the summer (n = 1,256) and winter (n = 1,230) of 2012–2013. Cold water intake rates were assessed by age, gender and season. The results of this study indicate that the average cold water consumption rate during the summer was 1.12 L/day per person and in the winter season was 0.92 L/day per person. The present survey study is believed to be the first attempt to quantify the intake of cold water consumption in Mysore city, Karnataka, South India.

scholarly journals Change in methodology for collection of drinking water intake in What We Eat in America/National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: implications for analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1190-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda S Sebastian ◽  
Cecilia Wilkinson Enns ◽  
Joseph D Goldman ◽  
Alanna J Moshfegh
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
National Health ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Gender Groups

AbstractObjectiveTo provide updated estimates of drinking water intake (total, tap, plain bottled) for groups aged ≥1 year in the USA and to determine whether intakes collected in 2005–2006 using the Automated Multiple-Pass Method for the 24 h recall differ from intakes collected in 2003–2004 via post-recall food-frequency type questions.DesignCross-sectional, observational study.SettingWhat We Eat in America (WWEIA), the dietary intake component of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).SubjectsIndividuals aged ≥1 year in 2003–2004 (n 8249) and 2005–2006 (n 8437) with one complete 24 h recall.ResultsThe estimate for the percentage of individuals who reported total drinking water in 2005–2006 was significantly (P < 0·0000) smaller (76·9 %) than that for 2003–2004 (87·1 %), attributable to a lower percentage reporting tap water (54·1 % in 2005–2006 v. 67·0 % in 2003–2004; P = 0·0001). Estimates of mean tap water intake differed between the survey cycles for men aged ≥71 years.ConclusionsSurvey variables must be examined before combining or comparing data from multiple WWEIA/NHANES release cycles. For at least some age/gender groups, drinking water intake data from NHANES cycles prior to 2005–2006 should not be considered comparable to more recent data.

scholarly journals Perceptions of drinking water safety and their associations with plain water intake among US Hispanic adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohyun Park ◽  
Stephen Onufrak ◽  
Anisha Patel ◽  
Joseph R. Sharkey ◽  
Heidi M. Blanck
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Hispanic Adults ◽  
Water Perceptions

Abstract We described sociodemographic differences in perceptions of drinking water safety and examined associations between perceptions and plain water intake. We used the 2015 Estilos survey of 1,000 US Hispanic adults conducted in both Spanish and English. Outcome was water intake. Exposures were the level of agreement about water perceptions (My tap water is safe to drink; Community tap water is safe to drink; Bottled water is safer; I would buy less bottled water if my tap water was safe). Covariates were sociodemographics, region, Hispanic heritage, and acculturation. We used chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression to examine associations of water perceptions and intake. Overall, 24% of Hispanic adults consumed water ≤1 time/day. Although 34% disagreed their home tap water was safe to drink, and 41% disagreed their community tap water was safe to drink, 65% agreed bottled water is safer than tap water, and 69% agreed they would buy less bottled water if they knew their tap water was safe. Perceptions differed by some covariates but were not significantly associated with plain water intake. In conclusion, negative perceptions of tap water were common among US Hispanic adults, which can inform efforts to increase awareness about safe public water systems.

scholarly journals Drinking water consumption patterns in Canadian communities (2001–2007)

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Roche ◽  
A. Q. Jones ◽  
S. E. Majowicz ◽  
S. A. McEwen ◽  
K. D. M. Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Water Users

A pooled analysis of seven cross-sectional studies from Newfoundland and Labrador, Waterloo and Hamilton Regions, Ontario and Vancouver, East Kootenay and Northern Interior Regions, British Columbia (2001 to 2007) was performed to investigate the drinking water consumption patterns of Canadians and to identify factors associated with the volume of tap water consumed. The mean volume of tap water consumed was 1.2 L/day, with a large range (0.03 to 9.0 L/day). In-home water treatment and interactions between age and gender and age and bottled water use were significantly associated with the volume of tap water consumed in multivariable analyses. Approximately 25% (2,221/8,916) of participants were classified as bottled water users, meaning that 75% or more of their total daily drinking water intake was bottled. Approximately 48.6% (4,307/8,799) of participants used an in-home treatment method to treat their tap water for drinking purposes. This study provides a broader geographic perspective and more current estimates of Canadian water consumption patterns than previous studies. The identified factors associated with daily water consumption could be beneficial for risk assessors to identify individuals who may be at greater risk of waterborne illness.

scholarly journals Tendencies towards bottled drinking water consumption: Challenges ahead of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste management

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Hassan Aslani ◽  
Parisa Pashmtab ◽  
Abdolreza Shaghaghi ◽  
Asghar Mohammadpoorasl ◽  
Hassan Taghipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Pet Waste ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Waste Generation Rate ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Background: The main objective of this study was to investigate the logics behind tendencies towards bottled drinking water usage in spite of availability of treated tap water. The amount of waste bottle is also estimated in Iran and managing principles for resolving the issue presented. Methods: A questionnaire was used to survey the logics behind tendencies toward bottled drinking water consumption among 120 participants. In order to estimate the quantities of the PET wastes produced in the country, data about bottled water production rate as well as volume of the imported and exported drinking bottled water were collected from 1962 to 2015 and applied in the calculations. Results: Findings suggested that about 0.026 to 3.86 billion liters (about 1.04 billion literson average) of bottled water was consumed annually between 2000 and 2015. Furthermore, bottled water consumption increased from 0.41 to 48.9 L/capita-year within the same time period. In the meantime, the plastic bottle waste generation rate rose from 12.84 to 1519.38 g/capita-year. There is no efficient and suitable system for managing and recycling waste bottles in the country. The perceived unreliability of tap water quality was the main reason of bottled water consumption among 74% of the respondents. Conclusion: To reduce bottled water consumption and the associated harmful environmental and health consequences, measures such as informing people, validating public water supply quality, preventive rules enactment, and establishing extended producer responsibility (EPR) are highly recommended.

scholarly journals Providing Students with Adequate School Drinking Water Access in an Era of Aging Infrastructure: A Mixed Methods Investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica L. Kenney ◽  
James G. Daly ◽  
Rebekka M. Lee ◽  
Rebecca S. Mozaffarian ◽  
Katherine Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Water Access ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Aging Infrastructure

Ensuring students’ access to safe drinking water at school is essential. However, many schools struggle with aging infrastructure and subsequent water safety problems and have turned to bottled water delivery systems. Little is known about whether such systems are feasible and effective in providing adequate student water access. This study was a mixed-methods investigation among six schools in an urban district in the U.S. with two types of water delivery systems: (1) tap water infrastructure, with updated water fountains and bottle fillers, and (2) bottled water coolers. We measured students’ water consumption and collected qualitative data from students and teachers about their perceptions of school drinking water. Student water consumption was low—between 2.0 (SD: 1.4) ounces per student and 2.4 (SD: 1.1) ounces per student during lunch. Students and teachers reported substantial operational hurdles for relying on bottled water as a school’s primary source of drinking water, including difficulties in stocking, cleaning, and maintaining the units. While students and teachers perceived newer bottle filler units positively, they also reported a distrust of tap water. Bottled water delivery systems may not be effective long-term solutions for providing adequate school drinking water access and robust efforts are needed to restore trust in tap water.

The Bottled Water Market and Consumer Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 794-805
Author(s):  
Mustafe Pllana ◽  
Arbenita Qosa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Market ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Food And Drink

This article describes how packaged water consumption has risen sharply in the world over the past 30 years. It is the most dynamic sector of the food and drink industry. The growth of bottled water sales is the contribution of the marketing activities, promotion, and aggressive sales. Is there a difference between bottled water and tap water? Opinions are divided. Some are for bottled water, some for tap water. World consumption of bottled water in 2013 was 70,371.6 million gallons or more than consumption in 2008 for 6.2%. Kosovo is a small country with a small purchasing power. In recent years, Kosovo has increased the use of packaged water by the population, due to a lack of viable drinking water running to the water network, and also as a result of social changes and the mentality of people. This article will deal with Kosovo's market developments, consumer behavior and factors that affect the behavior of purchases.

Guideline for healthy daily drinking water consumption

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Елена Сергеевна Симоненко ◽  
Сергей Владимирович Симоненко ◽  
Олег Валерьевич Андреев ◽  
Алексей Аркадьевич Макарушин
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Beverage Consumption

В настоящее время существуют различные рекомендации по количеству употребления жидкости (общей воды) человеком. Это количество должно соответствовать уровню общих потерь воды организмом, которые по совокупности литературных данных оцениваются приблизительно в 2,5 л для мужчин и 2,0 л для женщин при умеренной физической нагрузке и нормальной температуре окружающей среды. Однако отсутствуют общепринятые рекомендации или ориентиры по структуре потребления воды из различных пищевых источников, в частности по доле питьевой воды в структуре потребления как самостоятельного пищевого продукта. В качестве возможного решения этого вопроса предлагается понятие «ориентир здорового суточного потребления» (ОЗСП) питьевой воды - количество комфортно потребляемой питьевой воды при условии выполнения рекомендаций по здоровому питанию, касающихся структуры потребления напитков. ОЗСП питьевой воды оценивается как предел, к которому стремится доля в рекомендуемом суточном потребления общей воды, приходящаяся в структуре потребления напитков на бутилированную воду в развитых странах с максимальной продолжительностью жизни, с добавлением долей напитков, рекомендуемых к сокращению. По оценке авторов, эта величина может составлять от 25 % для детей и до 50 % для взрослых. Currently, there are various recommendations for the amount of liquid consumption (total water) by a person. This amount should correspond to the level of total water loss by the body, which, according to the totality of the literature data, is estimated at approximately 2.5 liters for men and 2.0 liters for women with moderate physical activity and normal ambient temperature. However, there are no generally accepted recommendations or guidelines on the structure of water consumption from various food sources, in particular on the share of drinking water in the structure of consumption as an independent food product. As a possible solution to this issue, the concept of a «healthy daily consumption guideline» (DSP) of drinking water is proposed - the amount of comfortably consumed drinking water, provided that the recommendations on healthy nutrition regarding the structure of beverage consumption are implemented. The drinkable water CAP is estimated as the limit to which the proportion of the recommended daily intake of total water in the beverage consumption structure of bottled water in developed countries with the maximum life expectancy tends, with the addition of the proportion of beverages recommended for reduction. According to the authors, this value can range from 25 % for children to 50 % for adults.

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