An integrated urban stormwater model system supporting the whole life cycle of sponge city construction programs in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihu Deng ◽  
Xiaoyuan Zhang ◽  
Zhiyu Shao ◽  
Wentao Yan ◽  
Hongxiang Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Model System ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
City Construction ◽  
Whole Life Cycle ◽  
Stormwater System

Abstract The nationwide Sponge City Construction (SCC) program was launched by the Chinese government in 2014. There is a lack of an integrated model system to assist the efforts throughout all the SCC phases, including planning, design, construction, evaluation and maintenance stages. In this study, an integrated stormwater system named Uwater was developed based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, in which a comprehensive open-source urban stormwater runoff model called Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was embedded. The platform utilized the spatial data management tools in GIS to extract the discrete spatial information such as land use and vegetation cover condition to obtain the composite hydrologic parameters required in the SWMM simulations. The system also fully uses the visualization capabilities of GIS to assist visual design of the Low Impact Development (LID) facilities and Capital Improvement Projects frequently used in the SCC programs. Furthermore, it could be used to assess the drainage capacity of the stormwater system and the corresponding inundation limits for further optimization of the design plans. Finally, a study case using the platform was conducted to test and verify the reliability and applicability of the Uwater system. Results show that the Uwater platform has great strengths and potential to assist the whole life cycle in the SCC program.

scholarly journals Sponge city construction in China: policy and implementation experiences

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyao Xiang ◽  
Jiahong Liu ◽  
Weiwei Shao ◽  
Chao Mei ◽  
Jinjun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
City Construction

Abstract To deal with the three universal urban water problems – namely storm floods, water pollution and water shortage – China has implemented a comprehensive solution: the Sponge City Construction Project. Sponge cities aim to reduce runoff and pollution, and also to restore downstream ecologies. They combine low impact development methods with grey infrastructures, large-scale flood control projects and rehabilitation. This paper describes Chinese experiences of construction and financing for implementation of sponge cities, which could provide references to other countries for building sustainable, climate-resilient cities and urban water management systems. It illustrates the objectives and methods of the sponge city design and demonstrates the differences in configuration and funding structures in cities of different climates and economic conditions. The total construction area involved in the pilot cities covers 449 km2. The configurations are distinct due to different economic conditions, climates and land forms: a humid district inclines to drainage-efficient approaches and pollution control devices, while a semi-humid district prefers green infrastructures and rainwater reuse facilities. The Chinese government plays an important role in the funding of sponge cities: Chinese central government provided CNY (¥)20.7 billion for the construction of 16 cities during 2015–2017, while the rest came from local governments and non-governmental investors.

scholarly journals Research on the Dynamic Evolution of Sponge City Construction Risk Based on System Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Zhijie Li ◽  
Jingqi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Construction Risk ◽  
City Construction ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Abstract Following the research idea of "theoretical analysis -- mechanism analysis -- model simulation", the basic concept and basic theory of sponge city construction risk are firstly defined, and then the risk factors and internal mechanism of sponge city construction are analyzed by the grounded theory method. Finally, the system dynamics model is used for simulation. The dynamic development and key risk factors of each sub-risk system in the whole life cycle are analyzed, and the countermeasures to reduce the risk of sponge city construction are given.

scholarly journals Prediction of Life Cycle Carbon Emissions of Sponge City Projects: A Case Study in Shanghai, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohu Lin ◽  
Jie Ren ◽  
Jingcheng Xu ◽  
Tao Zheng ◽  
Wei Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Sinks ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

In recent years, China has been vigorously carrying out the planning and implementation of Sponge City. Since the implementation of Sponge City projects involves substantial materials and energy consumption, it is significant to account corresponding carbon emissions and sinks. The existed studies about carbon emission of stormwater management measures, however, are not able to take the whole life cycle and different facilities into consideration. Therefore, this study develops a comprehensive accounting model based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and life cycle assessment (LCA) method to predict carbon emissions and carbon sinks of Sponge City projects more comprehensively and accurately. The model is applied to an actual residential community in Shanghai as a case study. Results show that the total indirect carbon emission is estimated to be 774,277 kg CO2 eq during a 30-year lifespan, among which carbon emissions from operation and maintenance phases are 2570 kg CO2 eq/year and 7309 kg CO2 eq/year, respectively, both directly proportional to the service life of the facilities. Three kinds of achievable carbon sinks are carbon sequestration in green space (5450 kg CO2 eq/year), carbon sink from rainwater utilization (15,379 kg CO2 eq/year) and carbon sink from runoff pollutant removal (19,552 kg CO2 eq/year). Carbon neutrality is expected to be reached after approximately 19 years. The established carbon emission accounting model can contribute to better planning and construction of Sponge City in China and enhance further energy conservation and carbon emission reduction.

scholarly journals Effective Evaluation of Infiltration and Storage Measures in Sponge City Construction: A Case Study of Fenghuang City

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinjun Zhou ◽  
Jiahong Liu ◽  
Weiwei Shao ◽  
Yingdong Yu ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Runoff Control ◽  
City Construction ◽  
And Storage

In recent years, urban waterlogging problems have become more and more serious, which has led to flood disasters in some cities. The Chinese government launched the sponge city pilot construction in 2015 to mitigate the risk of urban flooding and control the runoff in source areas. Rain-runoff control is one of the main indices of a sponge city, thus, evaluating its control effect is essential for sponge city construction. This paper chose Fenghuang city, located in the west of Hunan province, as a case study area to assess the rainwater control effect by using the MIKE FLOOD model. The results showed that: (1) the total annual runoff control rate (TARCR) of sponge city design was a reasonable indicator for daily rainwater control; (2) the goal of Fenghuang Sponge City was close to the 1-year rainfall event; and (3) infiltration and storage measures could reduce but not eliminate urban waterlogging. The capacity of the drainage system should be fundamentally improved to enhance the prevention standards of urban waterlogging.

scholarly journals A review of the progress in Chinese Sponge City programme: challenges and opportunities for urban stormwater management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiran Li ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Urban Stormwater Management ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Coping

Abstract Urbanization has been the main driving force for China's economic growth in recent years; however, the highly concentrated urbanized lifestyle has brought many environmental problems to residents, the most urgent of which is urban stormwater management. Some countries have proposed plans for urban stormwater management, such as Low Impact Development (LID), Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD), Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). As a country with relatively underdeveloped urban stormwater management, China's government proposed an ambitious urban stormwater management plan in 2014, called the Sponge City Programme, which means that a city is designed to act like a sponge, with good ‘resilience’ in adapting to environmental changes and coping with natural disasters. As of 2021, this programme has led to SCP projects in 30 pilot districts all over China, the Sponge City Programme construction impacts both urban development and resident's life. However, there are risks and challenges associated with these projects. Using government research documents as a framework, this paper carefully reviews the progress of the Sponge City Programme in recent years and shows the main challenges faced by Sponge City Programme in terms of connotation, investment, and technology. On this basis, the paper puts forward practical suggestions for the development of the Sponge City Programme and details potential opportunities of new technology, ideology, planning, and flexible investment.

scholarly journals Creating Urban Water Resilience: Review of China’s Development Strategies “Sponge City” Concept and Practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Roosmayri Lovina Hermaputi ◽  
Chen Hua
Keyword(s):  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
City Construction ◽  
China’S Cities

These years China's cities faced urban water security problem caused by natural disaster, man-made disaster, and water shortage. Back to the year 2002 until 2015 several cases were raised such as 2002 Guizhou Duyun slag water pollution, 2014 Lanzhou water benzene poisoning cases and the Han River Excessive Ammonia Pollution in Wuhan, Gansu Hui County blood cadmium poisoning cases. Meanwhile, a rainstorm hit Guangzhou in May 2010, Nanjing rainstorm 7.18, and recently Beijing 7.21 big rainstorm who killed about 79 people and Changsha 4.7 big flood in 2015. The "Sponge City" is the answer for China's water issues. Recorded In October 2013 Professor Lin Bingzhang recommend to build a "sponge city" as storm events and flood mitigation action, then in December, Secretary-General Xi Jinping at the central work conference on urbanisation talked about building a natural reservoir, natural infiltration, natural purification "sponge city." Followed the initiative, "Sponge City Construction Technology Guide - Low Impact Development Storm water system builders" had been released in 2014, project financing policy "Finance Building [2014] No. 838" has been established and until the year 2016, 30 cities has been chosen as sponge city urban construction pilot. The sponge city initiative aims to maximise water reservation and minimise the effects of drought and flooding by recycling and efficiently applying water supplies and reserves (AUSTRADE, 2016). This paper tries to elaborate the Sponge City theory and review of several practices in China's cities to create urban water resilience. This research will conduct theory development analysis, sponge city construction's practices analysis and its performance to actualize urban water resilience.

scholarly journals Constructing the Ecological Security Pattern for Sponge City: A Case Study in Zhengzhou, China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rencai Dong ◽  
Xueqi Zhang ◽  
Huanhuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Ecological Security ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Ecological Sensitivity ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Gis Modeling ◽  
Ecological Protection ◽  
Security Pattern ◽  
City Construction ◽  
Water Problems

Waterlogging is becoming a severe and universal phenomenon in China, so the construction of sponge cities is proposed to address urban water problems abiding by the overall principles of ecological priority and low-impact development. The ecological security pattern (ESP) is an effective way to balance rapid urbanization and ecological protection. Taking Zhengzhou as an example, this study, performed a geographic information system (GIS) modeling, which constructed a targeted ESP for the construction of a sponge city based on comprehensive analysis of multi-factor water ecological sensitivity. Compared to previous studies of ESP, some improvements were made in the identification method of ecological sources, corridors, and nodes. By analyzing the ESP, the study divided the whole city into different construction zone. Through different protection and planning strategies for these areas, the integration and connectivity of the ecological sources can be improved, and thus, urban ecological security can be improved. The ESP for sponge city is a relatively more systematic and scientific way to guide the construction of a sponge city, and can be used for reference to other cities in the process of sponge city construction.

The development of Sponge City Program (SCP) – a transition of urban stormwater management and planning practice in Chinese cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faith Chan
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Urban Stormwater Management ◽  
Surface Water Management

<p>‘<em>Sponge City Program</em>’ (SCP) is the term used to describe the Chinese government’s approach to urban surface water management. The concept was conceived in 2014 in response to an increasing incidence of urban surface flooding in many Chinese cities. While ambitious and far-reaching in its aim (of reducing national flood risk, increasing water supply and improving water quality), the initiative must be implemented by individual sub-provincial or municipal-level government entities. The concept is similar to <em>Blue-Green Cities</em> (BGCs); <em>sustainable drainage systems</em> (SuDS) in the UK, it is developing with different regional climatic and hydrological characteristics, considering rapid urbanization. Indeed, the increasing use of national rather than international examples of best practice reflects a growing body of knowledge that has evolved since the start of the Sponge City initiative. The SCP so far now has run through 6 years and experience a transition on urban stormwater management and planning practices. In this paper, the implementation of the latest SCP guidelines will be presented that using the case of Ningbo and other Chinese cities to illustrate the transformation of the current SCP practices that undertaking the consideration of climate, environmental and socio-economic factors, and how the practice tackle challenges on governance, project financing, integration and assessment by the authorities and stakeholders. These valuable experiences will be vitally important influencing future urban stormwater management and planning practices in Chinese cities.</p>

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