The potential of a semi-decentralised bulk water treatment approach for emergency relief

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caetano C. Dorea ◽  
Vincent Jalaber
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Humanitarian Emergencies ◽  
Test Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Synthetic Test ◽  
Relief Operations

Humanitarian water treatment interventions vary from package bulk ‘kits’ to household (point-of-use) options. Whereas the former can be perceived to be too complex to operate, the latter, whilst relatively simple and effective, has logistical requirements that may hinder its application during relief operations. This study evaluates the potential of a semi-decentralised water treatment approach for humanitarian emergencies. Its performance was evaluated against the relevant water quality treatment objectives (The Sphere Project) under controlled laboratory conditions using a synthetic test water. Results revealed that whilst the recommended minimum free chlorine residual levels were not attained (possibly due to high chlorine demand of test water), all other treatment objectives were within desired values, namely: <1 colony-forming unit (cfu)/100 mL with regards to thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms and <5 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) for treated water turbidity. Given the performance of the semi-decentralised approach tested here, it could be expected to attain all treatment objectives when tested in natural surface waters. It has the potential to bridge the gap between centralised (i.e. bulk water treatment kits) and fully decentralised (i.e. household) water supply strategies.

scholarly journals Assessing the Sustainability and Acceptance Rate of Cost-Effective Household Water Treatment Systems in Rural Communities of Makwane Village, South Africa

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Resoketswe Charlotte Moropeng ◽  
Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

The current study investigated the acceptance rate and long-term effectiveness of cost-effective household water treatment systems deployed in Makwane Village. A structured questionnaire was used prior to implementation to collect information such as level of education, level of employment, and knowledge about point-of-use water treatment systems in the target area. The long-term effectiveness was determined by factors such as the Escherichia coli removal efficiency, turbidity reduction, silver leached, and flow rate of the household water treatment devices. The results of the survey prior to deployment revealed that only 4.3% of the community had a tertiary qualification. Moreover, 54.3% of the community were unemployed. The results further revealed that 65.9% of the community were knowledgeable about other point-of-use water treatment methods. The acceptance rate, which was found to be initially higher (100%), reduced after three months of implantation (biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular—82.9%; silver-impregnated porous pot filters—97.1%). Moreover, the long-term effectiveness was determined, taking into consideration the adoption rate, and it was found that silver-impregnated porous pot filters have a long life compared to biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular. Although household water treatment systems can effectively reduce the burden of waterborne diseases in impoverished communities, the success of adoption is dependent on the targeted group. This study highlights the significance of involving community members when making the decision to scale up household water treatment devices in rural areas for successful adoption.

Point of use water treatment with forward osmosis for emergency relief

Desalination ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Butler ◽  
Andrew Silva ◽  
Kyle Horton ◽  
Zachary Rom ◽  
Malgorzata Chwatko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Point Of Use

scholarly journals Implementation of point-of-use water treatment methods in a rural Tanzanian community: a case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018
Author(s):  
T. M. Ngasala ◽  
S. J. Masten ◽  
C. Cohen ◽  
D. Ravitz ◽  
E. J. Mwita
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

Abstract This study was conducted in an agro-pastoral community in Northern Tanzania, where water sources are contaminated, and point-of-use water treatment is rarely used. The objectives of the study were to determine the quality of drinking water at the household level and to assess the perception and attitude towards the treatment methods that were introduced to community members. The three treatment methods evaluated were chlorine tablets, silver-infused ceramic tablets, and solar water disinfection (SODIS). These methods were selected due to their availability, ease of use, cost, and effectiveness in water with high levels of coliform bacteria. Each home within the study area was provided with one of three treatment methods. The use, performance, and acceptability of the new water treatment methods were assessed over a three-week period. Prior to the introduction of the methods, 40% of households reported that they treated water regularly. However, 80% of the household water samples tested positive for Escherichia coli. After introducing the new methods, 60% of households increased their water consumption, and all water samples tested negative for E. coli during the final week of testing. The work demonstrates the need to provide access to cost-effective household water treatment methods, especially in rural communities that lack access to potable water.

scholarly journals Advancing performance evaluation standards for household water treatment technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brown ◽  
C. Farrow ◽  
E. A. McBean ◽  
B. Gharabaghi ◽  
J. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Influent Concentration ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Bodies

Abstract Diarrheal illnesses and fatalities continue to be major issues in many regions throughout the world. Household water treatment (HWT) technologies (including both point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) treatment solutions) have been shown as able to deliver safe water in many low-income communities. However, as shown herein, there are important inconsistencies in protocols employed for validating performance of HWTs. The WHO does not stipulate influent concentration as a parameter that could influence removal efficacy, nor does it indicate an influent concentration range that should be used during technology evaluations. A correlation between influent concentration and removal is evidenced herein (R2 = 0.88) with higher influent concentrations resulting in higher log-removal values (LRVs). The absence of a recommended standard influent concentration of bacteria (as well as for viruses and protozoa) could have negative consequences in intervention efforts. Recommendations are provided that regulatory bodies should specify an influent concentration range for testing and verification of HWT technologies.

scholarly journals Cooperative Versus Individual Approaches to Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater by Rural Residents in the Northeast

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah K. Klinko ◽  
Charles W. Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Contaminated Groundwater ◽  
Quantity Discounts ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Private Wells

Point-of-use/point-of-entry treatment can provide an affordable means for rural residents on private wells to remedy groundwater contamination. Cooperation among homeowners was hypothesized to be a means of further reducing treatment costs due to quantity discounts and avoidance of dealer mark-ups. Data obtained through a mail survey of water treatment firms was used to test this hypothesis. Individual and group purchase, installation and maintenance costs and manufacturer and dealer costs were compared using analysis of variance. Results indicate a cooperative treatment approach may provide benefits due to quantity discounts but little potential exists for savings via direct manufacturer purchase.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gundry ◽  
Jim Wright ◽  
Ronan Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Clear Relationship ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
And Storage

In developing countries, the microbial contamination of household drinking water is implicated in the prevalence of various diseases. This systematic review is concerned with two health outcomes, general diarrhoea and cholera, and their relationship with water quality at point-of-use. Observational studies investigating this relationship are reviewed, as well as studies of home water treatment and storage interventions. For cholera, a clear relationship was found with contaminated water. Home water treatment and storage interventions were also found to reduce cholera. For general diarrhoea, no clear relationship was found with point-of-use water quality, although interventions did significantly reduce diarrhoeal incidence. Reasons for these apparently contradictory results concerning general diarrhoea are discussed and suggestions for further research offered. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature and pH on Reduction of Bacteria in a Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Product for Emergency Relief

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 2107-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Thomas Marois-Fiset ◽  
Anne Carabin ◽  
Audrey Lavoie ◽  
Caetano C. Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Bactericidal Efficiency

ABSTRACTThe effects of temperature and pH on the water treatment performance of a point-of-use (POU) coagulant/disinfectant product were evaluated. Cold temperatures (∼5°C) reduced the bactericidal efficiency of the product with regard toEscherichia coliand total coliform log10reductions.

Bulk water treatment unit performance: For the cameras or the community?

Waterlines ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Luff ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Unit Performance

Antibacterial silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic with low silver release

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-643
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Qi ◽  
Junwei Chen ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Honghui Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Silver Release

Abstract There is an urgent need for an effective and long-lasting ceramic filter for point-of-use water treatment. In this study, silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters were developed by an easy and effective method. The ceramic filters have a three-dimensional interconnected pore structure and porosity of 50.85%. Characterizations of the silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters were performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Silver nanoparticles were confirmed to be formed in situ in the ceramic filter. The highest silver concentration in water was 0.24 μg/L and 2.1 μg/L in short- and long-term experiments, indicating very low silver-release properties of silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filter. The nanocomposite ceramics show strong bactericidal activity. When contact time with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) of 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL exceeded 3 h, the bactericidal rates of the four different silver content ceramics against E. coli and S. aureus were all 100%. Strong bactericidal effect against E. coli with initial concentration of 109 CFU/mL were also observed in ceramic newly obtained and ceramic immersed in water for 270 days, demonstrating its high stability. The silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters could be a promising candidate for point-of-use water treatment.

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