Evaluation impact of point of use (POU) household water treatment devices (HWTDs) ‎application on tap water quality and determine the removal efficiency of THMs and HAAs

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 62-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Dehghanzadeh ◽  
Nasrin Talebzadeh ◽  
Hasan Taghipour ◽  
Hasan Aslani
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Tap Water Quality

scholarly journals Assessing the Sustainability and Acceptance Rate of Cost-Effective Household Water Treatment Systems in Rural Communities of Makwane Village, South Africa

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Resoketswe Charlotte Moropeng ◽  
Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

The current study investigated the acceptance rate and long-term effectiveness of cost-effective household water treatment systems deployed in Makwane Village. A structured questionnaire was used prior to implementation to collect information such as level of education, level of employment, and knowledge about point-of-use water treatment systems in the target area. The long-term effectiveness was determined by factors such as the Escherichia coli removal efficiency, turbidity reduction, silver leached, and flow rate of the household water treatment devices. The results of the survey prior to deployment revealed that only 4.3% of the community had a tertiary qualification. Moreover, 54.3% of the community were unemployed. The results further revealed that 65.9% of the community were knowledgeable about other point-of-use water treatment methods. The acceptance rate, which was found to be initially higher (100%), reduced after three months of implantation (biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular—82.9%; silver-impregnated porous pot filters—97.1%). Moreover, the long-term effectiveness was determined, taking into consideration the adoption rate, and it was found that silver-impregnated porous pot filters have a long life compared to biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular. Although household water treatment systems can effectively reduce the burden of waterborne diseases in impoverished communities, the success of adoption is dependent on the targeted group. This study highlights the significance of involving community members when making the decision to scale up household water treatment devices in rural areas for successful adoption.

scholarly journals Advancing performance evaluation standards for household water treatment technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brown ◽  
C. Farrow ◽  
E. A. McBean ◽  
B. Gharabaghi ◽  
J. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Influent Concentration ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Bodies

Abstract Diarrheal illnesses and fatalities continue to be major issues in many regions throughout the world. Household water treatment (HWT) technologies (including both point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) treatment solutions) have been shown as able to deliver safe water in many low-income communities. However, as shown herein, there are important inconsistencies in protocols employed for validating performance of HWTs. The WHO does not stipulate influent concentration as a parameter that could influence removal efficacy, nor does it indicate an influent concentration range that should be used during technology evaluations. A correlation between influent concentration and removal is evidenced herein (R2 = 0.88) with higher influent concentrations resulting in higher log-removal values (LRVs). The absence of a recommended standard influent concentration of bacteria (as well as for viruses and protozoa) could have negative consequences in intervention efforts. Recommendations are provided that regulatory bodies should specify an influent concentration range for testing and verification of HWT technologies.

scholarly journals A rapid assessment of drinking water quality in informal settlements after a cholera outbreak in Nairobi, Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Blanton ◽  
Natalie Wilhelm ◽  
Ciara O'Reilly ◽  
Everline Muhonja ◽  
Solomon Karoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure

Populations living in informal settlements with inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure are at risk of epidemic disease. In 2010, we conducted 398 household surveys in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya with isolated cholera cases. We tested source and household water for free chlorine residual (FCR) and Escherichia coli in approximately 200 households. International guidelines are ≥0.5 mg/L FCR at source, ≥0.2 mg/L at household, and <1 E. coli/100 mL. In these two settlements, 82% and 38% of water sources met FCR guidelines; and 7% and 8% were contaminated with E. coli, respectively. In household stored water, 82% and 35% met FCR guidelines and 11% and 32% were contaminated with E. coli, respectively. Source water FCR ≥0.5 mg/L (p = 0.003) and reported purchase of a household water treatment product (p = 0.002) were associated with increases in likelihood that household stored water had ≥0.2 mg/L FCR, which was associated with a lower likelihood of E. coli contamination (p < 0.001). These results challenge the assumption that water quality in informal settlements is universally poor and the route of disease transmission, and highlight that providing centralized water with ≥0.5 mg/L FCR or (if not feasible) household water treatment technologies reduces the risk of waterborne cholera transmission in informal settlements.

Evaluation of Field Testing Techniques Used in a Household Water Treatment Study in Posoltega, Nicaragua

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Vanderzwaag ◽  
Karen H. Bartlett ◽  
James W. Atwater ◽  
Derek Baker
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Water

Abstract A field evaluation of biosand filters, a method of household water treatment, was conducted in Posoltega, Nicaragua. The evaluation consisted of water quality testing for Escherichia coli and total coliforms using membrane filtration (MF) with m-coliBlue24 growth media, and SolarCult dipslides. For each sample tested, the MF procedure was applied to two volumes differing by an order of magnitude to capture the expected range of microbial contamination. A follow-up laboratory quality assurance/quality control procedure was undertaken to validate the field methods. The average coefficient of variation was 51%, with no statistically significant difference between the field and laboratory data. The MF procedure used with m-coliBlue24 produced useful reproducible results for the microbial concentrations encountered in the field. Dipslide results were found to correlate poorly to the membrane filtration results from the field, and should not be used to test drinking water due to the high limit of detection. They may still be useful for preliminary testing of highly contaminated source water as part of a household water treatment project. Dipslides may also be a useful tool for local health representatives to promote safe water practices within the community since they are simple to use and provide a visual indicator of water quality.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of household water treatment and safe storage in improving drinking water quality: a disinfection by-product (DBP) perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Xiao ◽  
Youli Duan ◽  
Wenhai Chu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Serving as the last barrier to secure drinking water safety, household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) is perceived as an interim measure for removing pathogens from drinking water and reducing disease risk. In recent years, the application of HWTS has shown a growing trend, and its performance in controlling chemicals has also received much attention. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed by the reaction of chemical disinfectants and precursors, and are present at sub-μg·L−1 or low-to-mid-μg·L−1 levels in drinking water. Although precursor control and disinfection operation modification could contribute to DBP mitigation to some degree, DBP removal after their formation emerges as an important strategy due to the ubiquitous existence of DBPs in distribution systems and tap water. In order to figure out how DBP concentrations vary during the residence time of drinking water in households, this review summarizes the effectiveness and mechanism of HWTS and combination technologies for DBP control in municipal tap water, and makes a comparison with regard to technologies implementing different removal mechanisms as well as DBPs possessing different natures. Based on these results, this article provides an insight into DBP risk assessment and human health protection.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gundry ◽  
Jim Wright ◽  
Ronan Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Clear Relationship ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
And Storage

In developing countries, the microbial contamination of household drinking water is implicated in the prevalence of various diseases. This systematic review is concerned with two health outcomes, general diarrhoea and cholera, and their relationship with water quality at point-of-use. Observational studies investigating this relationship are reviewed, as well as studies of home water treatment and storage interventions. For cholera, a clear relationship was found with contaminated water. Home water treatment and storage interventions were also found to reduce cholera. For general diarrhoea, no clear relationship was found with point-of-use water quality, although interventions did significantly reduce diarrhoeal incidence. Reasons for these apparently contradictory results concerning general diarrhoea are discussed and suggestions for further research offered. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document