scholarly journals Assessing the Sustainability and Acceptance Rate of Cost-Effective Household Water Treatment Systems in Rural Communities of Makwane Village, South Africa

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Resoketswe Charlotte Moropeng ◽  
Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

The current study investigated the acceptance rate and long-term effectiveness of cost-effective household water treatment systems deployed in Makwane Village. A structured questionnaire was used prior to implementation to collect information such as level of education, level of employment, and knowledge about point-of-use water treatment systems in the target area. The long-term effectiveness was determined by factors such as the Escherichia coli removal efficiency, turbidity reduction, silver leached, and flow rate of the household water treatment devices. The results of the survey prior to deployment revealed that only 4.3% of the community had a tertiary qualification. Moreover, 54.3% of the community were unemployed. The results further revealed that 65.9% of the community were knowledgeable about other point-of-use water treatment methods. The acceptance rate, which was found to be initially higher (100%), reduced after three months of implantation (biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular—82.9%; silver-impregnated porous pot filters—97.1%). Moreover, the long-term effectiveness was determined, taking into consideration the adoption rate, and it was found that silver-impregnated porous pot filters have a long life compared to biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular. Although household water treatment systems can effectively reduce the burden of waterborne diseases in impoverished communities, the success of adoption is dependent on the targeted group. This study highlights the significance of involving community members when making the decision to scale up household water treatment devices in rural areas for successful adoption.

Biosand Filter as a Household Water Treatment Technology in Ghana and its Ecobusiness Potential: An Assessment Using a Lifecycle Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
Jonathan N. Hogarh ◽  
Fatai A. Sowunmi ◽  
Agbola P. Oluwafemi ◽  
Philip Antwi-Agyei ◽  
Daniel Nukpezah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Treatment Technology

scholarly journals Implementation of point-of-use water treatment methods in a rural Tanzanian community: a case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018
Author(s):  
T. M. Ngasala ◽  
S. J. Masten ◽  
C. Cohen ◽  
D. Ravitz ◽  
E. J. Mwita
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

Abstract This study was conducted in an agro-pastoral community in Northern Tanzania, where water sources are contaminated, and point-of-use water treatment is rarely used. The objectives of the study were to determine the quality of drinking water at the household level and to assess the perception and attitude towards the treatment methods that were introduced to community members. The three treatment methods evaluated were chlorine tablets, silver-infused ceramic tablets, and solar water disinfection (SODIS). These methods were selected due to their availability, ease of use, cost, and effectiveness in water with high levels of coliform bacteria. Each home within the study area was provided with one of three treatment methods. The use, performance, and acceptability of the new water treatment methods were assessed over a three-week period. Prior to the introduction of the methods, 40% of households reported that they treated water regularly. However, 80% of the household water samples tested positive for Escherichia coli. After introducing the new methods, 60% of households increased their water consumption, and all water samples tested negative for E. coli during the final week of testing. The work demonstrates the need to provide access to cost-effective household water treatment methods, especially in rural communities that lack access to potable water.

scholarly journals Advancing performance evaluation standards for household water treatment technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brown ◽  
C. Farrow ◽  
E. A. McBean ◽  
B. Gharabaghi ◽  
J. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Influent Concentration ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Bodies

Abstract Diarrheal illnesses and fatalities continue to be major issues in many regions throughout the world. Household water treatment (HWT) technologies (including both point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) treatment solutions) have been shown as able to deliver safe water in many low-income communities. However, as shown herein, there are important inconsistencies in protocols employed for validating performance of HWTs. The WHO does not stipulate influent concentration as a parameter that could influence removal efficacy, nor does it indicate an influent concentration range that should be used during technology evaluations. A correlation between influent concentration and removal is evidenced herein (R2 = 0.88) with higher influent concentrations resulting in higher log-removal values (LRVs). The absence of a recommended standard influent concentration of bacteria (as well as for viruses and protozoa) could have negative consequences in intervention efforts. Recommendations are provided that regulatory bodies should specify an influent concentration range for testing and verification of HWT technologies.

scholarly journals Estimating the costs and health benefits of water and sanitation improvements at global level

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Haller ◽  
Guy Hutton ◽  
Jamie Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Household Water

The aim of this study was to estimate the costs and the health benefits of the following interventions: increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation facilities, increasing access to in house piped water and sewerage connection, and providing household water treatment, in ten WHO sub-regions. The cost-effectiveness of each intervention was assessed in terms of US dollars per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted. This analysis found that almost all interventions were cost-effective, especially in developing countries with high mortality rates. The estimated cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) varied between US$20 per DALY averted for disinfection at point of use to US$13,000 per DALY averted for improved water and sanitation facilities. While increasing access to piped water supply and sewage connections on plot was the intervention that had the largest health impact across all sub-regions, household water treatment was found to be the most cost-effective intervention. A policy shift to include better household water quality management to complement the continuing expansion of coverage and upgrading of services would appear to be a cost-effective health intervention in many developing countries.

scholarly journals Household water treatment and safe storage – effectiveness and economics

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie M. L. Stubbé ◽  
Alida Pelgrim-Adams ◽  
Gabor L. Szántó ◽  
Doris van Halem
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Retail Prices

Abstract. Household Water Treatment and safe Storage (HWTS) systems aim to provide safe drinking water in an affordable manner to users where safe piped water supply is either not feasible or not reliable. In this study the effectiveness, economic parameters and costs of three selected HWTS systems were identified. The selected systems are SODIS, ceramic filter and biosand filter. These options were selected based on their accessibility, affordability and available scientific data. Data was obtained through peer-reviewed literature, reports, web-pages and informal sources. The findings show a wide dispersion for log removal of effectiveness of the HWTS systems. For bacteria (E. coli), log removals of 1–9 (SODIS), 0.5–7.2 (ceramic) and 0–3 (biosand) were reported. In the case of viruses (mostly echovirus and bacteriophages), log removals of 0–4.3 (SODIS), 0.09–2.4 (ceramic) and 0–7 (biosand) were found. The dispersions of log removals for both bacteria and viruses range from non-protective to highly protective according to WHO performance targets. The reported costs of HWTS systems show a wide range as well. The price per cubic meter water is found to be EUR 0–8 (SODIS), EUR 0.37–6.4 (ceramic) and EUR 0.08–12.3 (biosand). The retail prices found are: negligible (SODIS), USD 1.9–30 (ceramic) and USD 7–100 (biosand). No relationship was observed between removal efficiency and economics of the three systems.

scholarly journals Household water treatment and safe storage – effectiveness and economics

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-176
Author(s):  
S. M. L. Stubbé ◽  
A. Pelgrim-Adams ◽  
G. L. Szanto ◽  
D. van Halem
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Retail Prices

Abstract. Household Water Treatment and safe Storage (HWTS) systems aim to provide safe drinking water in an affordable manner to users where safe piped water supply is either not feasible or not reliable. In this study the effectiveness, costs and cost drivers of three selected HWTS systems were identified. The selected systems are SODIS, ceramic filter and biosand filter. These options were selected based on their current usage rate, available scientific data, and future potential. Data was obtained through peer-reviewed literature, reports, web-pages and informal sources. The findings show a wide dispersion for log removal of effectiveness of the HWTS systems. For bacteria, log removals of 1–9 (SODIS), 0.5–7.2 (ceramic) and 0–3 (biosand) were reported. In the case of viruses, log removals of 0–4.3 (SODIS), 0.09–2.4 (ceramic) and 0–7 (biosand) were found. The dispersions of log removal for both bacteria and viruses range from non-protective to highly protective according to WHO performance targets. The reported costs of HWTS systems show a wide range as well. The price per cubic meter water is found to be EUR 0–8 (SODIS), EUR 0.37–6.4 (ceramic) and EUR 0.08–12.3 (biosand). The retail prices found are: negligible (SODIS), USD 1.9–30 (ceramic) and USD 7–100 (biosand). No relationship was observed between removal efficiency and economics of the three systems.

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