scholarly journals The use of Frontier Analysis to assess the technical rigor of water loss performance indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Alan S. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The American Water Works Association (AWWA) has developed and disseminated advanced methods and performance indicators for assessing and reducing water losses in North America, based in large part on the methods and indicators developed by the International Water Association (IWA). However, many utilities and regulators still use the old, inaccurate, %NRW indicator. A robust, quantitative assessment of the technical rigor of water loss indicators was needed but could not be found in the literature. So, an innovative approach was developed, using Frontier Analysis which provided such a score of ‘technical rigor’. This paper presents this method, applied to three datasets from North America, assessing 15 candidate indicators for total water losses, apparent losses and real losses. The results provide quantitative ‘scores’ of the technical rigor of the candidate indicators. Indicators with relatively high scores align with indicators used in the IWA best practices. Other indicators, such as the %NRW indicator, were found to have low technical rigor. The conclusion of the paper summarizes the rigorous indicators, and suggests areas for further application of this method, and for further research.

Engineering and Information Technology

2016 ◽  
pp. 300-324
Author(s):  
Shanton Chang ◽  
Martina von Imhoff ◽  
Rikke Ilona Ustrup
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
North America ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Management Framework ◽  
Degree Structure ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
And Performance

Students in the Engineering and Information Technology (IT) field are statistically less mobile than in many other disciplines. This has been documented across Australia, Europe and North America. While studies have shown the benefits of going abroad for a period of time, these messages seem to be lost on many Engineering and IT students. Using comparative case studies between/among various Universities, this chapter outlines and explores the challenges of trying to encourage more of such students to go abroad. Challenges include: (1) student concerns; (2) degree structure and program limitations; and (3) faculty buy-in. This chapter outlines three cases where strategic and operational actions have been taken to mitigate identified challenges. Best practices include the identification and introduction of ‘mobility windows' in curricula in cooperation with faculty, having a clear management framework and performance indicators and achieving faculty buy-in.

Expertise in water loss control applied to extreme problems of water distribution management

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Waldron
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Distribution Management ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
Loss Control

The application of International Water Association guidelines to control water losses provides a foundation for new methods and psychologies for controlling Water Distribution Systems. Best management techniques utilizing International Water Association water loss control methodologies compared to totally open distribution networks can now be supported for analysis scenarios using both network analysis and genetic algorithms.

Applying the IWA approach to water loss performance indicators in Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Carpenter ◽  
A. Lambert ◽  
R. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Task Forces ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
And Performance ◽  
National Workshop

In 1999 and 2000, IWA Task Forces on Water Losses and Performance Indicators published their conclusions of over three years research, analysis and discussions. For the topics of Non-Revenue Water, Water Losses, Apparent Losses and Real Losses, these included:a recommended standard terminology, with definitions and procedures for assessing these components of the Annual Water Balance;recommended performance indicators for each of these components. This work represents a major step forward in defining the “best practice” approach to assessing and presenting components of Non-Revenue Water, for more rational comparisons of performance in diverse systems within a single organisation, within the same country, and between countries. The 21 members of the Water Services Association of Australia (WSAA) provide water and wastewater services to 12.9 million Australians. WSAA seeks to promote “best practice”, and act as a national focus for all interested parties. In February 2000 WSAA organised a national Workshop in Melbourne to discuss the IWA methodology. Arising from this Workshop, WSAA commissioned the production of customised Software and an Associated User Manual known as “Benchloss”, to promote and facilitate the application of the IWA recommended methodology throughout Australia. The paper will describe the development and application of “Benchloss” to date, with a comparison of Australian performance data against an International Data Set used by the Water Losses Task Force.

scholarly journals Assessment of leakage management in small water supplies using performance indicators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Klosok-Bazan ◽  
Joanna Boguniewicz-Zablocka ◽  
Aneta Suda ◽  
Ewelina Łukasiewicz ◽  
Dorota Anders
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Leakage Reduction ◽  
Small Water

AbstractThe revision of the Drinking Water Directive (DWD), which the process of consultation by the European Parliament is coming to the end, includes a commitment for all Member States to assess the level of water leakage. The overarching aim of this action is to reduce water loss through leaks. In regard to this, use of performance indicators as suitable to enable assessment of water utility performance with regard to leakage reduction, including impacts on environment and cost-efficiency, is recommended. The paper provides results from water losses evaluation with the set of performance indicators (PI), considering dependence on the availability of resources and specific operating conditions. An analysis of different PI that are necessary to evaluate in most of leakage reduction methods was conducted considering step-by-step approach. Furthermore, the most relevant data for leakage analysis and management on a network level was determined. Presented PI can be used to improve leakage management of small water supply system. Similarly as in the Deming cycle, the described tool provides for planning activities, executing activities in accordance with the plan, checking the degree of execution of objectives included in the plan, and on the basis of conducted analyses and lessons learned, the so-called improvement. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that through a comprehensive, systematically improved strategy, the high effectiveness of the system could be reach. The reliable monitoring does not have to be based on advanced technological methods, which are often unavailable for small water supply system, due to high investment and operating costs. The results indicate that integrated IT systems, as SCADA, might not be directly beneficial to water loss management in small networks with moderate leakage levels.

scholarly journals Adapting the IWA water balance to intermittent water supply and flat-rate tariffs without customer metering

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miran Mastaller ◽  
Philipp Klingel
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
The City

The International Water Association water balance is an approach applied worldwide for determining and analysing water losses in water distribution systems (WDS) up to the point of customer metering. Thus, water losses occurring ‘before’ a customer meter are at the expenses of the water utility while water lost or wasted ‘after’ the meter is paid for by the customer. This applies to systems where customer metering is in place and/or consumption is charged according to the consumed volumes. However, many WDS in the world lack customer meters, are operated intermittently and a considerable amount of water is lost or wasted within the private property, e.g. by overflows of private tanks. The flat-rate tariff applied might not cover this amount or part of the amount. Thus, actual consumption and wastage should be separately quantified or estimated with respect to the utility's water reduction measures and the calculation of revenue water. This paper presents a water balance approach adapted to WDS which are operated intermittently, lack customer metering and charge flat-rate tariffs as well as a methodology for establishing the balance. The application is demonstrated for a district metered area of the city of Tiruvannamalai, India.

Some international experiences in promoting the recent advances in practical leakage management

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Fantozzi ◽  
Alain Lalonde ◽  
Allan Lambert ◽  
Tim Waldron
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Active Pressure ◽  
International Experiences ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Leakage Control ◽  
Water Loss Management

Substantial advances have been made by the IWA Water Losses Task Force in the last few years in the development of practical water loss management methods, including the benefits of active pressure management, calculation of economic intervention frequency for active leakage control, and economic levels of leakage. This paper reviews experiences to date in introducing and disseminating these advances to Utilities internationally, with particular reference to Australia, Europe, and North America.

Assessment of water loss in Harare, Zimbabwe

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gregory Ndunguru ◽  
Zvikomborero Hoko
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Leakage ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
System A ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Loss Management ◽  
Real Losses

A major challenge facing water utilities is the high level of water losses, which affects the financial viability and adequacy of water in the system. A study was carried out from January to May 2012 to characterize water losses in selected areas of Harare, Zimbabwe. Assessment of the contribution of water leakage to total water loss was carried out through water audits in four selected suburbs. Minimum night flows were determined over a number of days, and the SANFLOW model was used to determine average real losses. The water loss expressed as a percentage of supply in the four suburbs ranged from 29 to 43%, and was above the level expected for well-performing utilities in developing countries of 23%. Leakage contributed most to the water loss (>70%). For the entire city, the study established that non-revenue water ranged from 43 to 74% over the period 2009–2011. The study concludes that water loss management in Harare is poor, and this is affecting the quality of service delivery. There is a need for Harare to take a more proactive approach to water loss management, including periodic water audits.

The role of water for heat dissipation by a Jersey cow and a Corriedale ewe.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Knapp ◽  
KW Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Respiratory Mechanism

Experimental climatological work was carried out on a Jersey cow and a Corriedale ewe. These animals were exposed to a series of controlled environmental conditions in a psychrometric room for periods of 7 hr and their reactions observed. Both animals showed an increase in body temperature, respiratory rate and volume, and respiratory and transcutaneous water losses during heat exposure. Values and trends in these reactions were calculated for each exposure. Transcutaneous water loss by unit area of Jersey cow skin was of the same order as loss through human skin. Respiratory water loss formed only a small fraction — a fifth to a ninth — of the total water loss. In the sheep, however, respiratory water loss reached as much as one-third of the total water loss and the transcutaneous loss was one-third of that through human skin. It was concluded that the Jersey cow efficiently maintained a heat balance presumably by a good sweating mechanism. The Corriedale ewe, however, was a poorly sweating ruminant, relying mainly on the respiratory mechanism for approaching a heat balance.

PENGARUH UPAH MINUMUM TERHADAP TENAGA KERJA DI NEGARA DENGAN TINGKAT PENGHASILAN RATA-RATA YANG RENDAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veny Anindya Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Association Data

<p>The minimum wage is a macroeconomic issue that is still debated, Basically, the minimum wage policy aimed to protect workers, so that thet earn an adequate wages to finance the basic needs of their life. Practically, the minimum wage policy often encounters its purpose because it is regarged as miserable for those who have no expertise. This phenomenon is mainly happening in the low –avegrage- income countries that have many unskilled workers. Gahana, Indonesia, Costra Rica were used to be analyzed in this paper. According to International Water Association data year 2006, those countris earn income per capita less than US$ 9,200 and were categorized as low average – income countries. This research found that minimum wage impelentation in all three countries was not effective. When minimum wage policy was implemented, a lot of people felt aggrieved.</p><p>Keywords : Economic polict, Minimum wage, Income</p>

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