Assessment of water loss in Harare, Zimbabwe

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gregory Ndunguru ◽  
Zvikomborero Hoko
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Leakage ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
System A ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Loss Management ◽  
Real Losses

A major challenge facing water utilities is the high level of water losses, which affects the financial viability and adequacy of water in the system. A study was carried out from January to May 2012 to characterize water losses in selected areas of Harare, Zimbabwe. Assessment of the contribution of water leakage to total water loss was carried out through water audits in four selected suburbs. Minimum night flows were determined over a number of days, and the SANFLOW model was used to determine average real losses. The water loss expressed as a percentage of supply in the four suburbs ranged from 29 to 43%, and was above the level expected for well-performing utilities in developing countries of 23%. Leakage contributed most to the water loss (>70%). For the entire city, the study established that non-revenue water ranged from 43 to 74% over the period 2009–2011. The study concludes that water loss management in Harare is poor, and this is affecting the quality of service delivery. There is a need for Harare to take a more proactive approach to water loss management, including periodic water audits.

scholarly journals Water Loss Management in Small Municipalities: The Situation in Tyrol

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3446
Author(s):  
Martin Oberascher ◽  
Michael Möderl ◽  
Robert Sitzenfrei
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Loss Management

Water losses in water distribution networks (WDNs) are unavoidable. Water losses are evaluated based on performance indicators (PIs) and used for future recommendations for network operators to take measures against water losses. However, these evaluations primarily focus on large and medium sized WDN and do not deal with the challenges of small WDNs (e.g., technical, and financial limitations, missing data). Therefore, an appropriate water loss management is a major challenge for operators in the federal state of Tyrol (Austria) due to the high number of small WDNs, e.g., low income in combination with long network lengths. In this regard, this work specifies and discusses state funding in Austria to support network operators to reduce water losses. To assess the impacts on management strategies, 40 WDNs, supplying 200 to 16,000 inhabitants, are investigated in detail. As the comparison of different PIs shows, a volume related PI (e.g., water loss volume divided by total water demand) is recommend as the decision criterion for local authorities due to minimal efforts and its easy calculation. Moreover, public funding helps to significantly reduce water losses in individual systems, but countermeasures should be different for small and larger WDNs. For example, leakage detection campaigns and rehabilitation planning based on pipe age should be established in future for larger WDNs in Tyrol. In contrast, an online flow metering system to monitor system inflows is suggested for small WDNs. Based on measurement data, leakages and burst can be detected and repaired swiftly.

scholarly journals q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Geometric Aggregation Operators Based on Generalized and Group-Generalized Parameters with Application to Water Loss Management

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Ayesha Razzaq ◽  
Humaira Kalsoom ◽  
Dragan Pamučar ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Athar Farid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set ◽  
Aggregation Operator ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Pythagorean Fuzzy Set ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Loss Management

The notions of fuzzy set (FS) and intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) make a major contribution to dealing with practical situations in an indeterminate and imprecise framework, but there are some limitations. Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) is an extended form of the IFS, in which degree of truthness and degree of falsity meet the condition 0≤Θ˘2(x)+K2(x)≤1. Another extension of PFS is a q´-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q´-ROFS), in which truthness degree and falsity degree meet the condition 0≤Θ˘q´(x)+Kq´(x)≤1,(q´≥1), so they can characterize the scope of imprecise information in more comprehensive way. q´-ROFS theory is superior to FS, IFS, and PFS theory with distinguished characteristics. This study develops a few aggregation operators (AOs) for the fusion of q´-ROF information and introduces a new approach to decision-making based on the proposed operators. In the framework of this investigation, the idea of a generalized parameter is integrated into the q´-ROFS theory and different generalized q´-ROF geometric aggregation operators are presented. Subsequently, the AOs are extended to a “group-based generalized parameter”, with the perception of different specialists/decision makers. We developed q´-ROF geometric aggregation operator under generalized parameter and q´-ROF geometric aggregation operator under group-based generalized parameter. Increased water requirements, in parallel with water scarcity, force water utilities in developing countries to follow complex operating techniques for the distribution of the available amounts of water. Reducing water losses from water supply systems can help to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Finally, a decision-making approach based on the proposed operator is being built to solve the problems under the q´-ROF environment. An illustrative example related to water loss management has been given to show the validity of the developed method. Comparison analysis between the proposed and the existing operators have been performed in term of counter-intuitive cases for showing the liability and dominance of proposed techniques to the existing one is also considered.

Water Loss Management: A Case Study in Korea

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Mun ◽  
D. G. Kim ◽  
B. J. Kang ◽  
Y. H. Park ◽  
H. W. Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Small City ◽  
Water Leakage ◽  
Block System ◽  
Pipeline Management ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Water Ratio ◽  
Water Loss Management

A case of water loss management on a small city whose water supply is approximately 34,000 m3/day is examined. Revenue water ratio was just 55% mostly because of water loss caused by old pipes and difficulties in pipeline management in the beginning 2004. A block system was introduced first to monitor and maintain the pipelines more conveniently, from small to medium to large blocks. Depending on the pipeline conditions, such as water leakage or quality, 50km of pipeline have been replaced from 2005 to 2006. Use of pressure control valves have also resulted in an increase of revenue water ratio by 10%. Overall, through systematic management and rehabilitation/replacement of pipelines, water leakage has decreased dramatically, and the revenue water ratio has increased from 55% to 70% in just 2 years.

scholarly journals Estimating Opportunity Cost as A Tool to Evaluate Water Loss Management of Non-Revenue Water at PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa

2021 ◽  
Vol 930 (1) ◽  
pp. 012008
Author(s):  
D P Indah ◽  
A P Karpriana
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Reduction Program ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Loss Management

Abstract Water loss or Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is a national problem PDAMs, including PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa. In fact, with a high level of water loss, there is a significant potential loss of income. This study aims to implement opportunity cost calculation as a managerial tool for PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa in making investment decisions to improve water loss management. This research was conducted by collecting information from financial, managerial, and local government equity participation reports. Then the data reduction is carried out and calculated based on the gross margin, net profit margin, and the opportunity cost. This study indicates that the capital investment provided by the Pontianak City’s government has increased, followed by an increase in the number of consumers. However, it was not followed by an increase in the company’s profit. This is due to the opportunity cost or lost income during the business process amounting to Rp31,218,673,384.64 in 2019 with a potential income to Rp222,663,258,365.00 if it manages to suppress distribution leakage to the level of 20%. This potential income is worthy of consideration for PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa to start water loss management in the NRW reduction program.

scholarly journals The use of Frontier Analysis to assess the technical rigor of water loss performance indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Alan S. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The American Water Works Association (AWWA) has developed and disseminated advanced methods and performance indicators for assessing and reducing water losses in North America, based in large part on the methods and indicators developed by the International Water Association (IWA). However, many utilities and regulators still use the old, inaccurate, %NRW indicator. A robust, quantitative assessment of the technical rigor of water loss indicators was needed but could not be found in the literature. So, an innovative approach was developed, using Frontier Analysis which provided such a score of ‘technical rigor’. This paper presents this method, applied to three datasets from North America, assessing 15 candidate indicators for total water losses, apparent losses and real losses. The results provide quantitative ‘scores’ of the technical rigor of the candidate indicators. Indicators with relatively high scores align with indicators used in the IWA best practices. Other indicators, such as the %NRW indicator, were found to have low technical rigor. The conclusion of the paper summarizes the rigorous indicators, and suggests areas for further application of this method, and for further research.

Studi Kasus Penurunan Kehilangan Air Pada Sistem Distribusi Air PDAM di DMA Pondok Mutiara Payung Sekaki Dengan Metode Steptest

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nawa Syarif ◽  
Abrar Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Water Leakage ◽  
Pipeline Network ◽  
Area 7 ◽  
Area 6 ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
High Level ◽  
Reduce Water Loss

DMA (District Meter Area) Pondok Mutiara is the service area of ​​PDAM Kota Pekanbaru which is indicated to have a high level of water leakage due to the age of the pipes and the unstable land contours in the area, the problem now is that the PDAM does not know the actual leakage value, the purpose This study is to measure the value of leakage and look for leakage points with the steptest method, and make strategies to reduce water loss in DMA Pondok Mutiara by performing maintenance assets on a regular basis to minimize leakage in the DMA pipeline network, Making plans to re-arrange pipeline networks based on existing standardization (SNI 7511: 2011), conducts routine steptest activities so that they can monitor the level of real leakage and can be responsive in dealing with leaks. Based on research that has been done, the leakage value at Pondok Mutiara DMA is 2.66 liters / second and found 4 leak points, namely 1 leakage point in area 1, 2 leakage points in area 6, and 1 leakage point in area 7.

EFFECTS OF NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS AND PIPE LENGTH TO THE WATER LOSSES IN MELAKA

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munirah Hussein ◽  
Kenichi Yoneda ◽  
Nor'Azizi Othman ◽  
Zuhaida Mohd Zaki ◽  
Mohamed Hilmi Mohd Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
National Average ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Pipe Length ◽  
Compact Zone ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
High Level

One of the major challenges facing our water utilities is the high level of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in the distribution networks. This paper assessed the performance of current management practices by Syarikat Air Melaka Berhad (SAMB) to deal with NRW. Information and NRW management data (from 2012 to 2013) were gathered and analysed. Statistical methods were used to evaluate the effects of pipe length and number of connections of the distribution network to the leakage level; and to determine the causes of leakage (water loss). In 2014, Melaka’s NRW percentage was 21.4% as compared to the national average of 35.6%, which is the second lowest rate among the states in Malaysia. Results of the study revealed significant positive relationships between average MNF (L/s) with number of connections and pipe length, with the prediction model of average MNF (L/s)=-4.42+1.088*10-2(NC)+1.07*10-4(PL), R2= 73.19%. The results also indicated that in a compact and urbanized city like Melaka, number of connections in the network appears to be most influential to the average MNF (water loss) (shown by a strong positive relationship, r = 0.847) as compared to the less compact zone (such as Perak) where pipe length appears to be more influential. 

Utilizing analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for decision making in water loss management of intermittent water supply systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaher H. Zyoud ◽  
Hafez Shaheen ◽  
Subhi Samhan ◽  
Ayman Rabi ◽  
Firas Al-Wadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Water Loss Management

Increasing water demands, in parallel with water scarcity, force water utilities in developing countries to follow complex operation techniques for the distribution of the available amounts of water. The reduction of water losses from water supply systems can help fill the gap between supply and demand. This strategy is characterized by the variety of options, and identification of the most appropriate option is a demanding process. An integrated multi-criteria decision making framework, precisely analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to prioritize water loss reduction options for a typical intermittent water supply network in Palestine. The AHP was applied to structure the decision problem into a hierarchy framework, and four groups of decision makers were engaged to evaluate the elements. The results show that the strategic plan, which comprises controlling and managing operational pressure, was the best option. The selection of this option was highly connected to the conditions of the case study and to the well-known advantages of this strategy to reduce losses. It is anticipated that the developed methodology will help water utilities to identify integrated water loss management plans that will guide utility managers to conduct better control for water losses.

scholarly journals Team Software Process (TSPI) Web-Based Support Tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 1469-1474
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Software Process ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Software Developer ◽  
System A ◽  
Team Software Process ◽  
High Level ◽  
Web Based System

One of the goals as a system or software developer that need to be achieved is to produce a product or system that can be considered as a high-level quality of a product. To help the developer produce a good quality of a product, a tool that will help them make their work easier and efficient is needed. TSPi Tool is one of the methods that can be used by the developer to plan their project, record the project progress, record defect and solve the defects. Currently, FCSIT students who're taking the Software Engineering and Laboratory are using the TSPi Support Tool (Excel Version). However, there are problems exists such as time-consuming which affects the progress of the project. The proposed solution for arising problems was the Team Software Process (TSPi) Tool Web-Based System, a web-based management system to manage and monitor the progress of the product development.

scholarly journals PACKINGHOUSE EFFECTS ON WATER LOSS, SPOILAGE, JUICE, AND PEEL QUALITY OF TEXAS GRAPEFRUIT

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1140a-1140
Author(s):  
John E. Fucik ◽  
Daniel Davila
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Rio Grande Valley ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Strength Characteristics ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Quality Variation ◽  
Made In

Advertisers endow Texas grapefruit with perennial, uniform excellence, yet prices reflect quality variation in the packed product. This study attempts to determine which packinghouse operations, if any, contribute to this variation. Sixty marked `Ruby Red' grapefruit were run through each of 5 Rio Grande Valley packingsheds. Sample runs were made in Dec., Jan., Feb., and Mar. for two seasons. Within-sample variation was reduced by picking outside canopy fruit from the same 20 trees. After packingshed treatment, weekly water loss was determined over 30 days storage at 22 C. and 70% R.H. Then fruit juice and peel were evaluated. Water losses varying from 6-8% appeared related more to initial differences between sheds than to rate of loss in storage. Water loss was greatest for March-and lowest for January-harvested fruit with Dec. and Feb. intermediate. Packingsheds had no effect on fruit spoilage. While some differences between juice (e.g., %) and peel (e.g., strength) characteristics were associated with water loss, season and harvest date caused the greatest variation.

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