Economic Incentives and Poaching of the One-Horned Indian Rhinoceros in Nepal: Poaching of the One-Horned Indian Rhinoceros in the Chitwan Valley, Nepal - A Retrospective Econometric Analysis

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Poudyal ◽  
Duncan Knowler
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
Chitwan Valley ◽  
The One

scholarly journals Northern Forest Management: Ends and Means

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-213
Author(s):  
Peter H. Pearse
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
The Public ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Forest Values ◽  
The One

Forest management is a means to an end, not an end in itself. In the past, there has been much confusion among foresters over the objectives of forest management; our conventional wisdom has been based, variously, on the goals of full utilization, maximum wood growth, and equal annual harvests. These are technological goals, and our profession is beginning to recognize that they are not adequate guides to the design of forest management policies in the public interest.Forests are part of the total capital stock of our society. In the context of our economy as a whole, forests, along with all our other resources, contribute to our standard and quality of life. Good management involves using forests, and investing in them, in such a way and to such a degree that they will contribute the most social benefit.Maximization of the values generated by forest resources provides the only consistent and workable criterion for judging the appropriateness of management policies and practices. In the light of this objective, problems relating to the best standards of utilization, siviculture, and rates of harvest can be analyse using well established economic techniques. Optimum management will thus very widely in different circumstances, and will require flexibility of standards.In Canada's northern forests there is still time to avoid the mistakes we have made in management policies elsewhere. The framework of public policy within which private harvesters must operate is important; not only because forests are so important to our economy but also because the government is the landlord over most of our forests. Tenure policies must take account of the need for assured supplies of timber to justify heavy investment in utilization plant on the one hand, and the economic value of private competition for public timber on the other. Stumpage charges should be designed to encourage efficient utilization standards. Once the objective of maximizing forest values is accepted, the economic incentives of private harvesters can be harnessed to serve the public interest.

scholarly journals The Conservation of African Elephants under the CITES International Ivory Trade Ban

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Tatenda Leopold Chakanyuka
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Elephant Conservation ◽  
The One ◽  
Ivory Trade ◽  
Opening Up

1989 CITES decision to put a total ban on international trade in ivory and the decisions to allow the 1999 and 2008 one-off-sales have generated polarized debates on whether or not these decisions are the reasons behind increasing levels of poaching in Africa. An undisputed fact is that; international illegal ivory trade has promoted rampant elephant poaching in Africa. What has and is contested is whether the ban or the one-off sales have a role to play in the current elephant poaching and increase in the illegal ivory trade. The Southern African range countries blame the international ivory trade ban for the current ivory poaching levels, while Countries such as Kenya, Benin and Uganda have blamed the sales for reigniting international appetite for ivory. The available evidence suggests that the international ivory trade ban with an unbanned domestic market has promoted poaching and negatively impacted on range countries’ ability to effectively and sustainably protect elephants. Besides the reduction or elimination of revenue, the ban undermined the economic incentives associated with elephant conservation, thereby making elephant conservation unattractive, unachievable and subsequently opening up to poaching and illegal trade.

scholarly journals АНАЛІЗ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО СТИМУЛЮВАННЯ ТОП-МЕНЕДЖЕРІВ УКРАЇНИ ЯК ОСНОВИ ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 130-137
Author(s):  
Анастасія Сергіївна Тутова
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Top Executives ◽  
Personnel Costs ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Salary Survey ◽  
The One

The article explores the dynamics of creating favorable environment for doing business in Ukraine as a key characteristic of business development. The study offers interpretations to the concepts of «incentive», «stimulation» and «economic incentive» along with presenting a salary survey of the highest paid top executives and the net profit of the largest domestic state-owned companies. One of the basic challenges for the national economy development is achieving high standards of living, in particular high income of citizens. Salary is a major source of income for hired personnel. However, for an employer, remuneration, as well as any type of material reward is a stimulating tool for staff to attain the company goals, on the one hand, and an element of production costs, on the other. Thus, building an optimal system of economic incentives accommodates the interests of all stakeholders in the labor process: employees, employers and the government as a whole. A top manager is one of the most critical elements of the company human capital, while personnel costs is a specific type of investment in the overall structure of the incentive system. The national legislation allows business owners not to disclose data on bonuses and salaries of their top managers. To date, the common practice of state-owned enterprises in paying bonuses to top executives is not to disclose the criteria of such remunerations which eventually might lead to a situation when heads of loss-making enterprises can receive bonuses.

scholarly journals Agricultural Policy Issues in Pakistan

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 241-255
Author(s):  
Mahmood Hasan Khan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dominant Activity ◽  
Crop And Livestock Production

Agriculture, in many ways, remains the most dominant activity in Pakistan. It provides a way of life to almost three-quarters of the country's population: over 55 percent of the labour force works directly in agriculture and about 30 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and over 35 percent of the export earnings were contributed by agriculture in 1984. That three-quarters of the population engaged in agriculture cannot produce adequate supply of food and fibre at reasonable prices for the one quarter working in other sectors indicates a low level of productivity in crop and livestock production. Agricultural growth in the past 35 years or so has been uneven in terms of both rates and commodity balances. Also, the benefits from growth have varied significantly across regions and between farm groups. Markets and public policy have not always provided the right economic incentives and environment for sustained and equitable growth.

scholarly journals Commoning the State Forest: Crafting Commons through an Indonesian Social Forestry Program

2022 ◽  
pp. 20-39
Author(s):  
Haudec Herrawan ◽  
Nurhady Sirimorok ◽  
Munajat Nursaputra ◽  
Emban Ibnurusyd Mas'ud ◽  
Fatwa Faturachmat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Social Forestry ◽  
The Commons ◽  
State And Market ◽  
The One

Studies of the commons grew out of responses to Hardin's bleak prediction of “tragedy of the commons,” that without state intervention or privatization, any commons will eventually be destroyed by allegedly self-interested users. As such, the commons studies traditionally tend to demonstrate cases where common pool resources (CPR) can be sustainably managed by groups of people beyond the state and market interventions. This paper shows a case from Sulawesi, Indonesia, where a state social forestry program can create a space for the program beneficiaries to build a commons. Through fieldwork that involves participant observation and in-depth interviews with program extension workers and beneficiaries in two social forestry farmer groups, this study found that the program can stimulate beneficiary groups to build collective action in managing the state forest plots admitted to them and that the two groups are the only successful ones among 14 neighboring groups that are involved in the same program. The study also shows that the management of the state-sponsored commons requires extension workers with deep knowledge about local people and landscape, economic incentives, and the flexibility of the local state agency in bending the rules based on bottom-up demands. Therefore, the case study shows that, on the one hand, the state program can actually stimulate the creation of the commons. On the other hand, commoning seems to be the only way to ensure a successful social forestry program.    

Economic Incentives for the One-child Family in Rural China

1981 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwani Saith
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Family Planning Programme ◽  
Newly Married ◽  
The One ◽  
Shanghai Municipality ◽  
Made In

Since 1978 the one-child family has been increasingly advocated as the key element of the Chinese family planning programme. But this policy has been regarded as being addressed primarily to the urban population. In the course of a research tour of several communes in Hebei and Guangdong Provinces and in Jiading county in Shanghai Municipality in June 1979, it was evident that the policy on family planning still pivoted round the norm of the two-child family. However, in a more recent research trip made in June 1980, the policy had changed: as of late 1979, newly-married couples were expected to restrict the size of their family to three persons. Two-child families were disapproved of, and the new norm was the one-child family.

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