Northern Forest Management: Ends and Means
Forest management is a means to an end, not an end in itself. In the past, there has been much confusion among foresters over the objectives of forest management; our conventional wisdom has been based, variously, on the goals of full utilization, maximum wood growth, and equal annual harvests. These are technological goals, and our profession is beginning to recognize that they are not adequate guides to the design of forest management policies in the public interest.Forests are part of the total capital stock of our society. In the context of our economy as a whole, forests, along with all our other resources, contribute to our standard and quality of life. Good management involves using forests, and investing in them, in such a way and to such a degree that they will contribute the most social benefit.Maximization of the values generated by forest resources provides the only consistent and workable criterion for judging the appropriateness of management policies and practices. In the light of this objective, problems relating to the best standards of utilization, siviculture, and rates of harvest can be analyse using well established economic techniques. Optimum management will thus very widely in different circumstances, and will require flexibility of standards.In Canada's northern forests there is still time to avoid the mistakes we have made in management policies elsewhere. The framework of public policy within which private harvesters must operate is important; not only because forests are so important to our economy but also because the government is the landlord over most of our forests. Tenure policies must take account of the need for assured supplies of timber to justify heavy investment in utilization plant on the one hand, and the economic value of private competition for public timber on the other. Stumpage charges should be designed to encourage efficient utilization standards. Once the objective of maximizing forest values is accepted, the economic incentives of private harvesters can be harnessed to serve the public interest.