scholarly journals Investments in Gas Pipelines and Liquefied Natural Gas Infrastructure. What is the Impact on the Security of Supply?

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Cayrade
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Security Of Supply ◽  
The Impact

Methane Emissions Reduction in Liquefied Natural Gas Off-Loading Process in Refueling Stations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Sharafian ◽  
Paul Blomerus ◽  
Walter Mérida
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Pressure Buildup ◽  
Tanker Truck ◽  
Main Component ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Recent research into methane emissions from the liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply chain has revealed uncertainty in the overall greenhouse gas emissions reduction associated with the use of LNG in heavy-duty vehicles. Methane is the main component of natural gas and a potent greenhouse gas. This study investigates the impact of five methods used to offload LNG from a tanker truck to an LNG refueling station and estimate the amount of fugitive methane emissions. The LNG offloading process time, and the final pressures of the tanker truck and refueling station are considered to evaluate the performance of the LNG offloading methods. The modeling results show that the LNG transfer by using a pressure buildup unit has a limited operating range and can increase methane emissions by 10.4% of LNG offloaded from the tanker truck. The results indicate that the LNG transfer by using a pump and an auxiliary pressure buildup unit without vapor return provides the shortest fuel offloading time with the lowest risk of venting methane to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Semi-analytical models of hydroelastic sloshing impact in tanks of liquefied natural gas vessels

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1947) ◽  
pp. 2920-2941 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ten ◽  
Š. Malenica ◽  
A. Korobkin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Hydrodynamic Models ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Structural Part ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Violent Sloshing

The present paper deals with the methods for the evaluation of the hydroelastic interactions that appear during the violent sloshing impacts inside the tanks of liquefied natural gas carriers. The complexity of both the fluid flow and the structural behaviour (containment system and ship structure) does not allow for a fully consistent direct approach according to the present state of the art. Several simplifications are thus necessary in order to isolate the most dominant physical aspects and to treat them properly. In this paper, choice was made of semi-analytical modelling for the hydrodynamic part and finite-element modelling for the structural part. Depending on the impact type, different hydrodynamic models are proposed, and the basic principles of hydroelastic coupling are clearly described and validated with respect to the accuracy and convergence of the numerical results.

FEATURES OF CURRENT ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF GLOBAL LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS MARKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
A. A. SHCHEGOLKOVA ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Natural Gas Market ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Impact

The subject of this article is the economic environment of the global liquefied natural gas (LNG) market. The article assesses the development trends in the global liquefied natural gas market, identifies the key driving forces of the global LNG market, analyzes the existing contractual models in the global LNG market. The study uses a general scientific methodology that provides for a systematic, comprehensive approach to assessing the current economic situation in the global LNG market. A significant array of statistical data and factual material on the global LNG market was analyzed, the results of the research were obtained using statistical methods of economic analysis. As a result, the author conducted an analysis of the trends in the global LNG market, which made it possible to identify the key driving forces behind changes in market dynamics. The dynamics and structure of the global LNG market for the period 2015–2019 have been investigated. An assessment of Russia's position in the global LNG market is given. The impact of the "coronacrisis" on the global LNG market has been studied. The development and prospects of large-scale gas projects of the main LNG exporting countries are shown, the influence of the price environment on the implementation of LNG projects is investigated. It is revealed that geopolitical factors have become decisive in the formation of the world energy policy. The possible impact of the legislative expansion of the resource base of the Arctic territories on the growth of production and export of Russian LNG has been determined. It is concluded that the strategic goal of Russia's energy geopolitics is to modernize the existing export model of LNG for the long term. Modernization of the existing energy export strategy will strengthen the country's competitive position in the global LNG market, thereby becoming the basis for Russia's regional presence in the Arctic, where the main increase in LNG capacity is expected.

Probability Calculation of Equipment Impact Based on Reliability Method

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Wen Wu ◽  
Zhenyong Zhang ◽  
Jinyuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Fault Tree ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Impact Frequency ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Probability Calculation ◽  
The Impact

In order to apply the Reliability Based Design and Assessment (RBDA) methodology to evaluate the equipment impact on the onshore natural gas transmission pipelines in China, a research project was undertaken by China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering Corporation (CPPE) based on the framework developed by C-FER Technologies (C-FER) in “Guidelines for Reliability Based Design and Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines” (sponsored by PRCI). The objective of the project was to collect native data and calibrate the probability models[1] in order to make it suitable for the situations in China where there is dense population and many newly-built high pressure and large diameter pipelines. The equipment impact model consists of two components: a) the impact probability model which calculates the frequency of mechanical interference by excavation equipment; and b) the failure model which calculates the probability of failure in a given impact. A detailed survey was undertaken in 2012 in order to collect the data required to calculate the impact frequency and the load applied by an excavator to a pipeline. The survey data for impact frequency calculation was gathered based on 19,300km of transmission pipelines from 4 operating companies in China. They reflect current prevention practices and their effectiveness. The frequencies of basic events summarized in this survey used to calculate the probabilities of the fault tree are generally agreement with the data summarized in PRCI’s report. The impact frequencies calculated by the fault tree under typical prevention measures are 400%, 200%, 20% and 0% higher than that in PR-244-9910 report for class 1, class 2, class 3 and class 4 areas respectively, which is due to dense population and more construction activities. Bucket digging forces of 321 types of excavators from 20 manufacturers were gathered. The survey data of the forces are slightly higher than that in the PR-244-9729 report as a whole due to the increase in mechanical efficiency of excavators in recent years. The excavator maximum quasi-static load model was calibrated correspondingly. Equipment impact probability calculation and model sensitivity analysis results are described to present several characteristics of onshore transmission natural gas pipelines in China.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence Applied to Evaluate Emissions and Energy Consumption in Commuter Railways: Comparison of Liquefied Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel to Diesel

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7112
Author(s):  
Pablo Luque ◽  
Daniel A. Mántaras ◽  
Luciano Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Railway Traction ◽  
Common Effort ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pilot Tests

At present, there is a common effort to reduce the environmental effect of energy consumption. With this objective, the transportation sector seeks to improve emissions in all its modes. In particular, the rail transport industry is analysing various alternatives for non-electrified lines. These services are mainly carried out with diesel units. As an alternative to diesel fuel, in the present study the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in railway traction was analysed. A predictive model was developed and implemented in order to estimate the emissions impact of this fuel on different rail routes or networks. The model was fitted with real data obtained from pilot tests. In these tests, a train with two engines, one diesel and the other LNG, was used. The methodology was applied to evaluate the impact on consumption and emissions of the two fuels on a narrow-gauge commuter line. An improvement was observed in some indicators, while in others there was no clear progress. The conclusions that can be drawn are that CO2 (greenhouse gas) operating emissions are lower in the LNG engine than in the diesel line; CO emissions are lower in the diesel engine and emissions of other pollutants (nitrogen oxide and particles) are higher in the diesel engine by several orders of magnitude.

scholarly journals Liquefied Natural Gas in Mobile Applications—Opportunities and Challenges

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5673
Author(s):  
Tomasz Banaszkiewicz ◽  
Maciej Chorowski ◽  
Wojciech Gizicki ◽  
Artur Jedrusyna ◽  
Jakub Kielar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
The Impact

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the most influential fuels of the 21st century, especially in terms of the global economy. The demand for LNG is forecasted to reach 400 million tonnes by 2020, increasing up to 500 million tonnes in 2030. Due to its high mass and volumetric energy density, LNG is the perfect fuel for long-distance transport, as well as for use in mobile applications. It is also characterized by low levels of emissions, which is why it has been officially approved for use as a marine fuel in Emission Control Areas (ECAs) where stricter controls have been established to minimize the airborne emissions produced by ships. LNG is also an emerging fuel in heavy road and rail transport. As a cryogenic fuel that is characterized by a boiling temperature of about 120 K (−153 °C), LNG requires the special construction of cryogenic mobile installations to fulfill conflicting requirements, such as a robust mechanical construction and a low number of heat leaks to colder parts of the system under high safety standards. This paper provides a profound review of LNG applications in waterborne and land transport. Exemplary constructions of LNG engine supply systems are presented and discussed from the mechanical and thermodynamic points of view. Physical exergy recovery during LNG regasification is analyzed, and different methods of the process are both analytically and experimentally compared. The issues that surround two-phase flows and phase change processes in LNG regasification and recondensation are addressed, and technical solutions for boil-off gas recondensation are proposed. The paper also looks at the problems surrounding LNG installation data acquisition and control systems, concluding with a discussion of the impact of LNG technologies on future trends in low-emission transport.

scholarly journals Modified Leakage Rate Calculation Models of Natural Gas Pipelines

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Qingmin Hou ◽  
Daheng Yang ◽  
Xiaoyan Li ◽  
Guanghua Xiao ◽  
Siu Chun Michael Ho
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Leakage Rate ◽  
Rate Change ◽  
Feedback Effect ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Flow Rate Change ◽  
The Impact

The leakage rate is an essential parameter for the risk assessment and failure analysis of natural gas pipelines. The leakage rate of a natural gas pipeline should be calculated quickly and accurately to minimize consequences. First, in this study, models to estimate the leakage rate of natural gas pipelines are reclassified, and the theoretical range of application for each model is also analysed. Second, the impact of the leakage on the flow rate upstream of the leak point is considered, and the method of successive approximation is used to realize this feedback effect of flow rate change. Then, a modified hole-pipe model is developed to calculate the natural gas leakage rate in this paper. Compared with the leakage rate calculated by the hole-pipe model, the leakage rate calculated by the modified hole-pipe model is smaller and closer to the actual leakage rate due to the consideration of the feedback effect of the flow rate change. Finally, the leakage rate curves of the hole-pipe model and the modified hole-pipe model under different d/D conditions are obtained through simulation. The simulation results show that the modified hole-pipe model is able to calculate the leakage rate of any leak aperture, such as the hole-pipe model, and also at a higher accuracy level than the hole-pipe model.

Traceability of Marine LNG Bunkering Measurements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kegel ◽  
William Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Liquefaction Plant ◽  
Over Time

Industrial use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has a surprisingly long history. The first practical refrigeration system was built in 1873; the first commercial liquefaction plant was built in 1917. Over time two applications have been developed that are relevant to the current paper. The first involves storage of LNG to handle peak demand in pipeline systems, the process is identified as “peak shaving”. A second application is the transport of hydrocarbon fuel where gas pipelines are unavailable. Paper published with permission.

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