Traceability of Marine LNG Bunkering Measurements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kegel ◽  
William Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Liquefaction Plant ◽  
Over Time

Industrial use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has a surprisingly long history. The first practical refrigeration system was built in 1873; the first commercial liquefaction plant was built in 1917. Over time two applications have been developed that are relevant to the current paper. The first involves storage of LNG to handle peak demand in pipeline systems, the process is identified as “peak shaving”. A second application is the transport of hydrocarbon fuel where gas pipelines are unavailable. Paper published with permission.

THE ROMA TO BRISBANE PIPELINE — MEETING AN EXPANDING MARKET

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
P.A. Elkington
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Capacity Expansion ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Future ◽  
Over Time

The 440 km Roma to Brisbane gas pipeline has provided a reliable supply of natural gas to Brisbane since March 1969. In those 18 years it has carried approximately 4.8 billion m8 of gas from fields in the Roma and Surat regions.Initially installed as a free-flow 10 inch gas pipeline, the system has been considerably upgraded over time. As market demand in Brisbane has increased, Associated Pipelines Limited (APL) has met this demand by gradually increasing compression along the pipeline. An outline of the approach to compression, its installation and impact on deliverability as well as the operating philosophy is discussed.The gas pipeline has six mainline compressors installed and the capacity of the original pipeline has almost doubled to approximately 65 TJ/D. The sixth compressor was planned to be the final stage of APL's pipeline capacity expansion via compression.The alternatives available to increase capacity in the future are also examined. These alternatives include peak shaving, higher degrees of compression, looping and a new pipeline. The advantages and disadvantages of each alternative are outlined. Looping is the most practical alternative. The factors involved in selecting a looping program which can be tailored to meet market demand, are discussed.

scholarly journals Liquid Air as an Energy Carrier for Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy Distribution in Cold Storage Systems

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Sanghyun Che ◽  
Juwon Kim ◽  
Daejun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Cold Energy

Liquid air can be employed as a carrier of cold energy obtained from liquefied natural gas (LNG) and surplus electricity. This study evaluates the potential of liquid air as a distributed source with a supply chain for a cold storage system using liquid air. Energy storing and distributing processes are conceptually designed and evaluated considering both the thermodynamic and economic aspects. Further, the proposed supply chain is compared with a conventional NH3/CO2 cascade refrigeration system. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrates that the exergy efficiency and the coefficient of performance of the proposed supply chain are 22% and 0.56, respectively. Economic analysis is based on a life cycle cost (LCC) evaluation. From the economic analysis, the liquid air production cost and the LCC of a liquid air cold storage system (LACS) are estimated to be 40.4 USD/ton and 34.2 MMUSD, respectively. The LCC is reduced by 19% in the LACS compared with the conventional refrigeration system. The proposed supply chain is economically feasible, although its thermodynamic performances are lower than those of the conventional system. The sensitivity analysis indicates that LNG mass flow rate in the air liquefaction system and the cold storage operating time are dominant parameters affecting the economic performance.

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