COVID-19 Incidence Following Fan Attendance: A Case Study of the National Football League 2020-2021 Season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Kurland ◽  
Alexis Piquero ◽  
Wanda E. Leal ◽  
Erin M. Sorrell ◽  
Nicole Leeper Piquero
Keyword(s):  
National Football League

Revisiting Image-Restoration Strategies: An Integrated Case Study of Three Athlete Sex Scandals in Sports News

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Meng ◽  
Po-Lin Pan
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Image Restoration ◽  
National Football League ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Sex Scandals ◽  
Restoration Strategies ◽  
Sports News ◽  
Tiger Woods

A limited number of studies have examined the effectiveness of apology techniques in image restoration of athletes involved in sex scandals. This case study used Benoit’s (1995) image-restoration strategies to examine the apology techniques 3 athletes used to negotiate their sex scandals and attempted to encourage further discussion of these techniques. Three athletes’ sex scandals were comparatively analyzed, including those of golfer Tiger Woods, National Football League quarterback Ben Roethlisberger, and the National Basketball Association’s Kobe Bryant. This case study integrated the apology statements made by each athlete and examined sports-news coverage of the scandals from The New York Times, USA Today, and The Washington Post. This case study offers important insights on how these athletes restored their images and handled the crises surrounded their sex scandals.

Firm-Level Economic Activity Before, During, and After Local Events: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Depken ◽  
Benjamin L. Fore
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
National Convention ◽  
Firm Level Data ◽  
Convention Center ◽  
Center City

This case study investigates how various sporting and cultural events impact economic activity at a single full-service restaurant in center-city Charlotte, NC. We find no evidence of significant changes in daily revenue, customers served, and revenue per customer on the day before, day of, and day after many of the events. The exceptions are National Football League (NFL) home games, swimming events, events at the Charlotte Convention Center, the 2012 Democratic National Convention, NASCAR races, PGA tournaments, and entertainment events at the Spectrum Center. The results invite future research using firm-level data to better understand the disparate impact of events on business enterprises.

Dodging DeflateGate: A Case Study of Equivocation and Strategic Ambiguity in a Crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Clementson
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Press Conference ◽  
Strategic Ambiguity ◽  
Sport Communication ◽  
The Press

This case study examined the effects of equivocation in sport communication. U.S. National Football League quarterback Tom Brady held a press conference in January 2015 during a scandal. The author experimentally manipulated versions of the press conference, one with equivocal parts included (e.g., “I don’t know, I have no idea”), and one with those parts removed. Outcome measures included source credibility and perceptions of dodging questions. When Brady equivocated, participants perceived him to have more goodwill. Furthermore, his equivocal answers were not perceived as dodging the questions. This case study helps extend predictions of strategic ambiguity and equivocation theory into the field of sport communication.

scholarly journals The Circle of Unity: The power of symbols in a team sport context

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan O'Hallarn ◽  
Craig Morehead ◽  
Mark Slavich ◽  
Alicia Cintron
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
The Political ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
National Anthem ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
Team Captains

Modern-day political discord has led to a recent spate of athletes using their platform to make statements about America. One under-researched aspect to modern sport activism is the study of the symbols themselves, such as the controversial kneeling during the national anthem by National Football League players, statement-making pregame apparel worn by National Basketball Association stars, and other political statements. This case study examines a 2016 activist display by Old Dominion University’s football team, known as the Circle of Unity. The display, performed before most games that season, began as a form of protest by team captains, and morphed into a gesture that was celebrated across the political spectrum. Through the lens of both Symbolic Interactionism (SI) and Critical Race Theory (CRT), the current study seeks to uncover the impetus, meaning, and ultimate impact of the symbol on a variety of stakeholders. Examining the symbol used—players and coaches standing in a circle, facing out, holding hands and raising them to the sky—can further contextualize the challenging role that student-athletes have in finding their voice to speak on issues they care about in a divided America.

Ambush by Dre: A Case Study of the National Football League and the Challenges Arising from Conflicting Sponsorship Strategies

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Michael L. Naraine ◽  
Benoît Séguin ◽  
Eric MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Executive Director ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Stakeholder Management ◽  
Action Learning ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Ambush Marketing ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Consultancy Firm

In this case study, students are exposed to the issue of stakeholder management through the lens of the National Football League (NFL), using a contemporary example of ambush marketing and player endorsement deals as the primary context. The case depicts nonfictitious events that involve players and their disdain for league policies regarding donning brands and products that violate exclusivity agreements the league has with other companies. After identifying the origins of the circumstances, the case profiles the three principal stakeholder groups involved (i.e., the players, the ambushed sponsor, and the focal organization) through their respective leaders (i.e., DeMaurice Smith, executive director of the NFL players association, Bob Maresca, president of Bose Corporation, and Roger Goodell, Commissioner of the NFL). Using fictitious commentary, the case culminates with the three actors utilizing the services of a sports consultancy firm as they work together to determine the best course of action. Learning objectives include understanding collegiality in a professional setting, and mitigating conflicting sponsorship strategies.

Professional Athletes’ Shrinking Privacy Boundaries: Fans, Information and Communication Technologies, and Athlete Monitoring

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
National Football League ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Basketball Game ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Injured Knee

This case study considers how audience labor performed via information and communication technologies (ICTs) helps sports organizations monitor professional athletes. Three incidents are examined—(a) National Basketball Association (NBA) player Greg Oden participating in a pickup (casual) basketball game while he was rehabilitating an injured knee, (b) photographs posted on the Internet that captured National Football League player Matt Leinart posing with several young women in a hot tub and holding a beer bong, and (c) a video posted on YouTube that depicted NBA player Josh Howard disparaging the U.S. national anthem. The case study explores how ICTs enable sports organizations to capitalize on free labor provided by audience members to intensify surveillance of professional athletes and how fans’ ability to comment on news coverage of these stories reinforces organizational control, further reifying professional athletes as commodities.

Shifting Responses to Institutional Change: The National Football League and Player Concussions

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Heinze ◽  
Di Lu
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Institutional Research ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Organizational Responses ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Governing Body ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Institutional research increasingly suggests that organizations are not passive recipients of institutional demands. Organizations can adopt a variety of strategies, including dismissing, decoupling, and co-opting, in response to pressure to change. Over time, organizations likely adopt different approaches, particularly as the institutional field continues to evolve. Through a longitudinal case study of the National Football League’s responses to player concussions, we investigated shifts in how a powerful sport governing body responds to institutional change over time. We found that the National Football League moved through different responses, from more reactive strategies—including dismissing, decoupling, and acquiescing—to proactive attempts to control institutional change. Using data on the National Football League, we offer propositions about the factors that may influence organizational responses. This study advances understanding of powerful sport governing bodies’ responses to institutional change.

Local Development Effect of Sports Facilities and Sports Teams: Case Studies Using Synthetic Control Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Q. Islam
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Synthetic Control Method ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Time Path

Studies of the economic benefit of sports franchises to local economies typically utilize panel regression procedures to estimate the effect on variables of interest. An alternative to regression-type estimation is to adopt a case study approach utilizing the synthetic control method. We utilize this approach to study the effect of the National Football League (NFL) expansion into three cities. Specifically, we ask, how the presence of an NFL team in selected cities affected the time path of employment growth in those cities. Results reinforce the dominant view that presence of a sports franchise does not significantly affect the time path of employment.

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