Minimum Efficient Scale: Towards a More Coherent Understanding of Special Responsibility and Competition on the Merits under Article 102 TFEU

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyu Yan ◽  
Hans H. B. Vedder
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Efficient Scale ◽  
Special Responsibility ◽  
Article 102 Tfeu

Platforms as regulators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh Dunne
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
Special Responsibility ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Article 102 Tfeu

Abstract The proposition that certain digital platforms act as ‘regulators’ within their own business models is a key pillar of the European Commission report on Competition Policy for the Digital Era, and the basis upon which its authors build a wide-ranging duty for dominant platforms to secure competition that is ‘fair, unbiased and pro-users’. This article seeks to shed light on this novel contention, exploring its meaning and the implications for platform operators. It considers the rationale provided within the report and compares the approach with established Article 102 TFEU case law, specifically the ‘special responsibility’ doctrine. Consideration is further given to whether the platforms-as-regulators notion aligns with alternative modes of regulation within the digital sphere. The aim is to explore whether this approach is coherent, and actually useful, as a means by which to frame and direct future enforcement against digital platforms.

Eichen im Aargau – eine besondere Verantwortung für das Fricktal | Oak in the canton of Argovia – a special responsibility for the Fricktal

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (7) ◽  
pp. 281-288
Author(s):  
Kurt Steck
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Site Factor ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Endangered Population ◽  
Middle Spotted Woodpecker ◽  
Special Responsibility ◽  
Important Site

A targeted nurturing of oak in the canton of Argovia goes against the natural development of forest stands where the dominant, naturally occurring species is beech. Because of this,afforestation with oak is both work intensive and costly and is therefore concentrated on sites where silvicultural, economical and ecological aspects have been taken into account. With the help of a simple model showing areas where, above all,oak is nurtured, comprehensively mapped forest stands were classed according to competitiveness and correlated to thermal levels, that represent an important site factor for oak. One important aspect surrounding the issue is the preservation of genetic resources and an adequate supply of appropriate seed from chosen autochthonal, indigenous oak stands. In addition,the endangered population of middle spotted woodpecker,which is tied to widespread sites of aged oak-rich deciduous stands, should be fostered. Taking ecological priorities into account a possible area to nurture oak has been demarcated in the Fricktal.

Minimum Efficient Scale (MES) and preferred scale of container terminals

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia N. Kaselimi ◽  
Theo E. Notteboom ◽  
Athanasios A. Pallis ◽  
Sheila Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Container Terminals ◽  
Minimum Efficient Scale

On the Ethics of International Religious/Spiritual Gatherings and Academic Conferencing in the Era of Global Warming: A Case Study of the Parliament of The World’s Religions Melbourne 2009 - Part 1

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-195
Author(s):  
Almut Beringer ◽  
Steven Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Academic Events ◽  
Special Responsibility

Global climate change and its impacts have ethical dimensions, for instance carbon footprint equity concerns. World issues, including the state of the ecosphere and biodiver­sity, regularly see political leaders, NGOs, business representatives, religious/spiritual orga­nizations, academics, and others engage in international aviation-dependent meetings to address critical challenges facing humanity and the planet. Yet, climate scientists and advocates call for an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 to cap the increase in global temperatures to 2ºC. Aviation emissions resulting from international meetings raise questions that are not silenced by GHG emissions offsetting. The era of climate change and ‘peak oil’ poses ethical challenges for holding international in-person religious and academic events, especially when the events propound an environmentalist concern and when aviation use is assumed. This paper raises ques­tions regarding the ecological impacts of large international events and focuses the ‘inconvenient truths’ associated with international aviation in the era of global warming. The Parliament of the World’s Religions, the largest multifaith gathering in the world, serves as a case study. The paper emphasizes the view that faith-based/faith-inspired organizations have a special responsibility for leadership in policy and praxis on the moral imperatives of sustainability, sustainable development and climate justice.

The Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian: An International Institution of Living Cultures

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS E. EVELYN
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Art History ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
National Museum ◽  
International Institution ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
Public Programming ◽  
Special Responsibility

The mission of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian is to affirm to Native communities and the non-Native public the historical and contemporary culture and cultural achievements of the Natives of the Western Hemisphere by advancing, in consultations, collaboration and cooperation with them, a knowledge and understanding of their cultures, including art, history and language, and by recognizing the Museum's special responsibility, through innovative public programming, research and collections, to protect, support and enhance the development, maintenance and perpetuation of Native culture and community. Adopted 1990.

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