The Concepts of 'Species' and 'Population' in Considering Ancient DNA and Building Phylogenetic Trees of Hominid Evolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niccolo Leo Caldararo
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Hominid Evolution

scholarly journals First report of pre-Hispanic Fasciola hepatica from South America revealed by ancient DNA

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Ornela Beltrame ◽  
Cesar Pruzzo ◽  
Rodrigo Sanabria ◽  
Alberto Pérez ◽  
Matías Sebastián Mora
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
First Report ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenase ◽  
European Cattle

AbstractIt is generally assumed that the digenean human liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, gained entry to South America during the 15th century upon arrival of Europeans and their livestock. Nonetheless in Patagonia, Argentina, digenean eggs similar to F. hepatica have been observed in deer coprolites dating back to 2300 years B.P. The main objective of our present study was to identify and characterize these eggs using an ancient DNA (aDNA) study. Eggs were isolated and used for aDNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of partial regions from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 mitochondrial genes. Also, phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian and maximum likelihood. Our results confirm the presence of F. hepatica in South America from at least 2300 years B.P. This is the first report and the first aDNA study of this trematode in South America prior to the arrival of the European cattle in the 15th century. The present work contributes to the study of phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical aspects of F. hepatica and its settlement across America.

Origins of an Anasazi Scarlet Macaw Feather Artifact

1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Borson ◽  
Frances Berdan ◽  
Edward Stark ◽  
Jack States ◽  
Peter J. Wettstein
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neighbor Joining ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Scarlet Macaw ◽  
Prior Hypothesis

An artifact ascribed to the Anasazi culture (dated here to 920 ± 35 B.P.) is unique in its integrity, construction technique, style, and materials, including multiple yucca ropes with attached adult scarlet macaw feathers joined to a Sciurus aberti (tassel-eared squirrel) pelt and hide straps. We applied methods from anthropology and molecular biology to ascertain the origins of materials and manufacturing technique. The cytochrome b gene from the ancient DNA of the pelt was sequenced in its entirety. This gene was unique as defined by new nucleotide substitutions that distinguished it from the other S. aberti alleles. Phylogenetic trees constructed by both neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods are consistent with this unique allele being most closely related to genes from two extant American Southwest S. aberti subspecies and more distantly related to Mexican S. aberti genes. Our observations support the conclusion that the entire artifact was constructed in the American Southwest using native materials, including the squirrel pelt and scarlet macaw feathers. This contradicts a prior hypothesis that the feather rope component was assembled before being traded north from Mexico.

Darwin's two competing phylogenetic trees: marsupials as ancestors or sister taxa?

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Charles Lyell ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Richard Owen ◽  
First Time

Studies of the origin and diversification of major groups of plants and animals are contentious topics in current evolutionary biology. This includes the study of the timing and relationships of the two major clades of extant mammals – marsupials and placentals. Molecular studies concerned with marsupial and placental origin and diversification can be at odds with the fossil record. Such studies are, however, not a recent phenomenon. Over 150 years ago Charles Darwin weighed two alternative views on the origin of marsupials and placentals. Less than a year after the publication of On the origin of species, Darwin outlined these in a letter to Charles Lyell dated 23 September 1860. The letter concluded with two competing phylogenetic diagrams. One showed marsupials as ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals, whereas the other showed a non-marsupial, non-placental as being ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals. These two diagrams are published here for the first time. These are the only such competing phylogenetic diagrams that Darwin is known to have produced. In addition to examining the question of mammalian origins in this letter and in other manuscript notes discussed here, Darwin confronted the broader issue as to whether major groups of animals had a single origin (monophyly) or were the result of “continuous creation” as advocated for some groups by Richard Owen. Charles Lyell had held similar views to those of Owen, but it is clear from correspondence with Darwin that he was beginning to accept the idea of monophyly of major groups.

Analyzing the Phylogenetic Trees with Tree- building Methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 83-85
Author(s):  
Jasmine Jasmine ◽  
◽  
Pankaj Bhambri ◽  
Dr. O.P. Gupta Dr. O.P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Tree Building ◽  
Building Methods

Application of DNA Barcoding in Taxonomy and Phylogeny: An Individual Case of COI Partial Gene Sequencing from Seven Animal Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-384
Author(s):  
M. Drohvalenko ◽  
A. Mykhailenko ◽  
M. Rekrotchuk ◽  
L. Shpak ◽  
V. Shuba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Far East ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Rock Lizard ◽  
Sand Lizard ◽  
Lacerta Agilis

Abstract A part of the COI mitochondrial barcoding gene was sequenced from seven species of different taxonomical groups: Ambystoma mexicanum (Amphibia, Ambystomatidae), Darevskia lindholmi, Lacerta agilis exigua (Reptilia, Lacertidae), Erinaceus roumanicus (Mammalia, Erinaceidae), Macrobiotus sp. 1 and 2 (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae) and Cameraria ohridella (Insecta, Gracillariidae). The sequences were compared with available sequences from databases and positioned on phylogenetic trees when the taxa had not yet been sequenced. The presence of Mexican axolotls in herpetoculture in Ukraine was confirmed. The partial COI genes of the Crimean rock lizard and an eastern sub-species of the sand lizard were sequenced. We demonstrated the presence of two tardigrade mitochondrial lineages of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group in the same sample from the Zeya Natural Reserve in the Far East: one was nearly identical to the Italian M. macrocalix, and the other one is similar to M. persimilis and M. vladimiri. We also confirmed the presence of the invasive haplotype “A” of the horse chestnut leaf miner in Ukraine, in line with the hypothesized route of invasion from Central Europe.

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