The Effectiveness of Incomplete and Overlapping Pollution Regulation: Evidence from Bans on Phosphate in Automatic Dishwasher Detergent

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Cohen ◽  
David Keiser
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Regulation ◽  
Dishwasher Detergent

Strategies for Condition Assessment of Sewer Systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Critical Condition ◽  
Ground Water Pollution ◽  
Pollution Regulation ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Single Strategy ◽  
Surface Covering ◽  
Critical Class ◽  
Representative Samples

The inspection of sewers can take place whether by means of fixed-intervals in a conventional surface-covering inspection, or by means of need-oriented strategies. Those need-oriented strategies can be differed between a selective inspection, an evaluation of the present sewer condition based on a representative samples and a failure-oriented forecasting strategy. By setting up and implementing a numerical model it is now possible to carry out a comparison between strategies. Herewith, the potential of success from every single strategy concerning different boundary conditions has been evaluated. For larger Sewer Systems a failure-oriented forecasting strategy presents a more reasonable alternative than the conventional surface-covering one. The reason is because the holding time from every sewer in a critical condition can be reduced considerably within this kind of oriented-need inspections compared to the conventional ones. Similarly, this method meets the ability to estimate the whole condition of a sewer for a given term in the minimum time, which usually could not be achieved by a conventional inspection. Oriented-need inspection strategies offer even superior advantages when the crop and the ground water pollution regulation controls have been followed from the beginning, in order to reduce holding times within sewers in a critical class-condition.

Regulating Pollution: Alara, Batneec and Beyond

1996 ◽  
Vol 210 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
A Robson
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Best Available Techniques ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pollution Regulation ◽  
Integrated Pollution Control ◽  
Over Time

Pollution regulation in the United Kingdom has developed over many years, with different agencies developing different approaches to protect air, water and land. Furthermore, regulation of the nuclear industry developed separately from other industries. In the 1990s an era of Integrated Pollution Control began. The aim is to unify the way pollution is regulated by building on concepts like the reduction of radiation exposure to levels of As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) and the prevention of conventional pollution via the Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Cost (BATNEEC). Regulatory methodologies suffer from difficulties inherent in dealing with a mixture of health, economic, environmental and social factors. Guidance on how this should be undertaken has developed over time, but is still far from being clear and unambiguous in some key areas. This paper reviews the background to concepts like ALARA and BATNEEC, and discusses the optimization of impacts across more than one medium to achieve the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO). The paper looks beyond current procedures by discussing the problems associated with their application to developing issues.

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