A Long-Run View of the University Gender Gap in Australia

Tenure is sometimes charged as giving faculty lifetime job security, with little accountability and sporadic monitoring of performance. Scholars have traditionally defended tenure as necessary for academic freedom. This paper takes a different approach by examining the academic "employment contract relationship," and explaining how tenure can lead to bargaining conflict. Tenure is costly to the university but extremely valued by the faculty member. The opportunity cost of granting tenure to someone is the lost teaching and research output of younger people who cannot be hired in future. Tenure is necessary because without it, incumbents would never recommend hiring people who might be better than they are, for fear of being replaced. Tenure is also efficient because faculty have better information about incumbents than either university administrators or outside consultants. Tenure is therefore necessary to motivate older faculty to hire the best. With staff budget dollars able to be shifted back or forwards across time periods, tenure secures the truthful revelation of who are the good candidates over all periods, and the university is guaranteed that those who are in the best position to judge (namely, faculty rather than administrators) have every incentive to make the best decisions. It follows, then, that the naive suggestion to get rid of tenure so that older, expensive professors can be fired and replaced with younger, cheaper professors would be disastrous in the long run. A simple model is presented explaining why (a) recent cutbacks in government grants, (b) cost pressures on university budgets, (c) limits to tuition increases, and (d) declining interests in attending a less "excellent" university have all resulted in pressure on tenure. Because there is no previously agreed-to mechanism in place to adjust staff, university administrations and faculty unions are not so much bargaining over an acceptable contract outcome as they are contesting the very rules of the bargaining game. Accordingly, unless tenure is reconsidered, universities may increasingly face bargaining conflict. Tenure could be reformed by making the term of tenure limited but related to rank, and establishing a maximum eligibility period during which a faculty may apply for promotion.

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Campaigning for the Female Vote in the Scottish Independence Referendum: Comparing Women For Independence and Women Together

Scottish Affairs ◽

10.3366/scot.2018.0234 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 145-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Craig McAngus ◽

Kirstein Rummery

Keyword(s):

Social Movements ◽

Social Movement ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Women's Movements ◽

Women's Issues ◽

Face To Face ◽

Strong Position ◽

Organisational Structures ◽

Scottish Independence ◽

The University

The 2014 Scottish independence referendum campaign saw a surge of campaigning activity from groups on both sides of the debate. The mainstream elements of the campaign were criticised for not bringing enough attention to women's issues, and so Women For Independence (WFI) and Women Together (WT) were created in order to try and alleviate these concerns. This paper aims to compare the two organisations to ascertain whether or not they can be classified as part of wider social movements. Utilising data from the Scottish Political Archive at the University of Stirling, as well as face-to-face interviews and email conversations with activists from both groups, this paper explores the organisational structures and framing strategies of the two groups, as well as the opportunities and constraints they faced when it came to achieving their goals. Whilst WFI can be classified as a Social Movement Organisation operating within both the pro-independence and women's movements, WT cannot be classified in this way and simply existed as a useful campaigning label during the independence referendum. WFI still continues to exist as a healthy, autonomous entity that, should a second independence referendum be called, will be in a strong position to campaign for the female vote and overturn the persistent gender gap that exists in support for Scottish independence.

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In the Long Run: Rights, Sovereignty, and Bombing

PMLA ◽

10.1632/s0030812900099971 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 121 (5) ◽

pp. 1638-1642

Author(s):

Bruce Robbins

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

National Sovereignty ◽

Sovereign State ◽

Cultural Rights ◽

Long Run ◽

Protection Of Human Rights ◽

Rights Discourse ◽

The University ◽

Human Rights Discourse ◽

University Of Connecticut

Will historians looking back a hundred years from now see the rise of human rights as an agent or reflection of the decline of national sovereignty? I take this question (asked at a recent meeting by Richard Wilson, director of the Human Rights Institute at the University of Connecticut) as an expression of worry about the effects that the decline of national sovereignty is likely to have, including effects on human rights themselves. Human rights advocates will recognize an obvious reason for this worry. Human rights are often seen, correctly but narrowly, as a key line of protection against an invasive and oppressive state. But the project of winning respect for human rights also relies heavily on the state's legal and bureaucratic powers—the power to enforce, to educate, to take positive measures, and so on. This is especially true in the domain of economic, social, and cultural rights, which require for their fulfillment that states exercise what has come to be called “due diligence.” Violence against women, for example, which has only been classified as an abuse of human rights since 1993, is often perpetrated not by states but by private individuals and groups. It can come under the protection of human rights discourse only if a sovereign state, which is held responsible for intervening to punish and prevent, is strong enough to do so. Weaken national sovereignty, and you may subvert the cause of women's rights.

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Looking Inside

Using Narratives and Storytelling to Promote Cultural Diversity on College Campuses - Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-4069-5.ch007 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 153-179

Keyword(s):

Multicultural Education ◽

Community Outreach ◽

Diversity Awareness ◽

Campus Environment ◽

Easy Task ◽

Outreach Programs ◽

Long Run ◽

Diversity Issues ◽

The University ◽

Political Turmoil

Running a college is no easy task. Amid complex diversity issues, political turmoil, and ever-changing student narratives, the campus environment represents a sea of countless challenges. To ensure success in the long run, administration officials must construct well-designed plans that review past events while carefully assessing future possibilities. Such plans should include a sustained and comprehensive focus on diversity awareness, implementation of multicultural education frameworks, and additional initiatives such as mentoring and community outreach programs. Above all, administrations must work closely with all members of the university including staff, faculty, alumni, and students to promote positive outcomes despite the inherent uncertainties that lay ahead.

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Masculine Norms and Infectious Disease: The Case of COVID-19

Politics & Gender ◽

10.1017/s1743923x20000380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 1028-1035

Author(s):

Tyler T. Reny

Keyword(s):

Los Angeles ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Gender Ideology ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Masculine Norms ◽

Policy Attitudes ◽

Using Data ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Sexist Beliefs ◽

The University

AbstractDuring the novel coronavirus pandemic, early data suggested that men were slightly more likely to contract COVID-19 than women, less likely to seek medical attention for the disease, and far more likely to die as a result of COVID-19. While several studies have explored this gender gap, none has attempted to isolate the psychological processes underpinning this phenomenon. In this research note, I suggest that sexism partly explains these differences. Using data from a large (N = 100,689) survey of American adults conducted between March and June 2020 by the Democracy Fund and the University of California, Los Angeles (Nationscape), I find that sexist beliefs, a component of masculine norms, are consistently the strongest predictor of coronavirus-related emotions, behaviors, policy attitudes, and ultimately contracting COVID-19. This study highlights how gender ideology can impact health and impede government public health efforts.

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Worms at Work: Long-run Impacts of a Child Health Investment*

The Quarterly Journal of Economics ◽

10.1093/qje/qjw022 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 131 (4) ◽

pp. 1637-1680 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Sarah Baird ◽

Joan Hamory Hicks ◽

Michael Kremer ◽

Edward Miguel

Keyword(s):

Child Health ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Government Revenue ◽

Internal Rate Of Return ◽

Health Investment ◽

School Work ◽

Self Employment ◽

School Based ◽

Long Run ◽

Experimental Variation

Abstract This study estimates long-run impacts of a child health investment, exploiting community-wide experimental variation in school-based deworming. The program increased labor supply among men and education among women, with accompanying shifts in labor market specialization. Ten years after deworming treatment, men who were eligible as boys stay enrolled for more years of primary school, work 17% more hours each week, spend more time in nonagricultural self-employment, are more likely to hold manufacturing jobs, and miss one fewer meal per week. Women who were in treatment schools as girls are approximately one quarter more likely to have attended secondary school, halving the gender gap. They reallocate time from traditional agriculture into cash crops and nonagricultural self-employment. We estimate a conservative annualized financial internal rate of return to deworming of 32%, and show that mass deworming may generate more in future government revenue than it costs in subsidies.

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J. Laurence Laughlin versus Irving Fisher on the quantity theory of money, 1894 to 1913

Oxford Economic Papers ◽

10.1093/oep/gpaa014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 1032-1049

Author(s):

Robert W Dimand

Keyword(s):

Federal Reserve ◽

Price Level ◽

Monetary Theory ◽

Monetary Reform ◽

Quantity Theory ◽

Monetary System ◽

Long Run ◽

Economic Association ◽

The Us ◽

The University

Abstract In the controversy leading to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, J. Laurence Laughlin of the University of Chicago and Irving Fisher of Yale were the leading opponent and proponent, respectively, of the quantity theory of money as the theoretical basis for reorganizing the US monetary system. Laughlin identified the quantity theory with bimetallist claims that monetizing silver would have lasting real benefits. Laughlin offered a cost of production theory of the value of gold as an alternative to the quantity theory, while his students published empirical critiques of the quantity theory. Fisher upheld the quantity theory as explaining price movements while distancing the theory from assertions of long-run non-neutrality of money. Laughlin and Fisher vigorously debated monetary theory and monetary reform, notably at American Economic Association meetings. Their confrontations illuminate the monetary controversies preceding the Federal Reserve Act, which reflected the views of Laughlin and Willis (adviser to Congressman Carter Glass) while rejecting the mandate to stabilize the price level proposed by Senator Owen and his adviser Fisher.

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Teaching future dentists to detect and report suspected child abuse and neglect

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS TRAUMA & VICTIMOLOGY ◽

10.18099/ijetv.v1i1.26 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Anirudha Agnihotry

Keyword(s):

Child Abuse ◽

Child Abuse And Neglect ◽

Law Students ◽

Future Studies ◽

University Of Tennessee ◽

Long Run ◽

Abuse And Neglect ◽

Comprehensive Curriculum ◽

The University ◽

Dental Professionals

Child abuse and neglect often presents with signs on the head and neck, which dental professionals examine on a regular basis. If educated on how to detect and report it in their schools, they can help in solving the problem of under‐reporting. Although, some curriculums have been developed for educating dental students and a lot of stress has been laid on the issue through continuing education, still a lot of cases go unnoticed each year. There is one elaborate, robust and comprehensive curriculum with a multi ‐ disciplinary approach reported in the literature, which was recently developed at the University of Tennessee. This article is a summary of the same. This curriculum has four phases, which are spread out in four years of education of the DDS students. The students are sequentially introduced to the findings of Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect (SCAN), they are shown case scenarios, they work with medical and law students to understand their professional and ethical duties, and are required to deal with a simulation case at the end. Future studies should assess the effects of this curriculum and its overall impact in the long run.

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