Crime Rates and Local Labor Market Opportunities in the United States: 1979-1997

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Gould ◽  
Bruce A. Weinberg ◽  
David B. Mustard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Local Labor Market ◽  
Market Opportunities

scholarly journals Tradability and the Labor‐Market Impact of Immigration: Theory and Evidence From the United States

Econometrica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 1071-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Burstein ◽  
Gordon Hanson ◽  
Lin Tian ◽  
Jonathan Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Simple Condition ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Local Labor Market ◽  
Relative Wages ◽  
Theoretical Mechanism ◽  
Using Data

In this paper, we study how occupation (or industry) tradability shapes local labor‐market adjustment to immigration. Theoretically, we derive a simple condition under which the arrival of foreign‐born labor into a region crowds native‐born workers out of (or into) immigrant‐intensive jobs, thus lowering (or raising) relative wages in these occupations, and we explain why this process differs within tradable versus within nontradable activities. Using data for U.S. commuting zones over the period 1980–2012, we find—consistent with our theory—that a local influx of immigrants crowds out employment of native‐born workers in more relative to less immigrant‐intensive nontradable jobs, but has no such effect across tradable occupations. Further analysis of occupation labor payments is consistent with adjustment to immigration within tradables occurring more through changes in output (versus changes in prices) when compared to adjustment within nontradables, thereby confirming our model's theoretical mechanism. We then use the model to explore the quantitative consequences of counterfactual changes in U.S. immigration on real wages at the occupation and region level.

scholarly journals Local Labor Market Fluctuations and Physical Activity among Adults in the United States, 1990–2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruopeng An ◽  
Junyi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Local Labor Market

Being physically active is a key health promotion strategy. The late-2000s economic downturn, labeled the “Great Recession,” could have profound impact on individuals' health behaviors including engagement in physical activity. We investigated the relationship between local labor market fluctuations and physical activity among adults 18 years and older in the United States by linking individual-level data in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 1990–2009 waves to unemployment rate data by residential county and survey month/year. The association between labor market fluctuations and physical activity was examined in multivariate regressions with county and month/year fixed effects. Deteriorating labor market conditions were found to predict decreases in physical activity—a one percentage point increase in monthly county unemployment rate was on average associated with a reduction in monthly moderate-intensity physical activity of 0.18 hours. There was some preliminary evidence on the heterogeneous responses of physical activity to local labor market fluctuations across age and income groups and races/ethnicities. Findings of this study suggest special attentions to be paid to the potential detrimental impact of major recessions on physical activity. This correlational study has design and measurement limitations. Future research with longitudinal or experimental study design is warranted.

scholarly journals Effects of Immigrant Legalization on Crime

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 210-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Property Crimes ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
And Control ◽  
Intensity Of Treatment

I examine the effects that the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which legalized almost 3 million immigrants, had on crime in the United States. I exploit the IRCA's quasi-random timing as well as geographic variation in the intensity of treatment to isolate causal impacts. I find decreases in crime of 3-5 percent, primarily due to decline in property crimes, equivalent to 120,000-180,000 fewer violent and property crimes committed each year due to legalization. I calibrate a labor market model of crime, finding that much of the drop in crime can be explained by greater labor market opportunities among applicants.

Time’s Up! Shorter Hours, Public Policy, and Time Flexibility as an Antidote to Youth Unemployment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Eva Maich ◽  
Jamie K. McCallum ◽  
Ari Grant-Sasson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Work Scheduling

This chapter explores the relationship between hours of work and unemployment. When it comes to time spent working in the United States at present, two problems immediately come to light. First, an asymmetrical distribution of working time persists, with some people overworked and others underemployed. Second, hours are increasingly unstable; precarious on-call work scheduling and gig economy–style employment relationships are the canaries in the coal mine of a labor market that produces fewer and fewer stable jobs. It is possible that some kind of shorter hours movement, especially one that places an emphasis on young workers, has the potential to address these problems. Some policies and processes are already in place to transition into a shorter hours economy right now even if those possibilities are mediated by an anti-worker political administration.

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