scholarly journals Reproduction of Walnut Twig Beetle in Black Walnut and Butternut

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea R. Hefty ◽  
Mark V. Coggeshall ◽  
Brian H. Aukema ◽  
Robert C. Venette ◽  
Steven J. Seybold
Keyword(s):  
Mapping Population ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Juglans Cinerea ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Colonization Density ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle

The walnut twig beetle [WTB (Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman)] is the primary insect vector for a pathogen that causes thousand cankers disease (TCD), a disease complex that leads to mortality in species of walnut (Juglans L.). We performed field and laboratory trials to determine if reproduction by WTB varies between two black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) parent trees of a full-sib mapping population of 323 offspring, and between black walnut and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.). These two tree species are native to eastern North America. In field trials, we found no significant differences in colonization density or mean number of adult offspring per female among branch sections from black walnut parent trees or among branch sections from black walnut and butternut, respectively. In laboratory trials with controlled colonization densities of WTB, we found that significantly fewer adult offspring developed in branch sections of the black walnut maternal ‘Sparrow’ parent than the paternal ‘Schessler’ parent over three summer months and one winter month. In the field, high colonization densities likely limited reproduction due to increased intraspecific competition beneath the bark. In the laboratory, where we established a lower colonization density, reproduction was likely influenced by differences in host quality. In laboratory trials, no differences were detected in the number of adult offspring emerging from black walnut and butternut accessions. This finding suggests that butternut is a suitable host for WTB. Future screening of the full-sib mapping population of 323 offspring of black walnut parent trees for WTB resistance is a warranted next step in developing alternative management strategies for TCD in black walnut.

scholarly journals Discovery of Walnut Twig Beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, Associated with Forested Black Walnut, Juglans nigra, in the Eastern U.S.

Forests ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Wiggins ◽  
Jerome Grant ◽  
Paris Lambdin ◽  
Paul Merten ◽  
Katheryne Nix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Walnut ◽  
Juglans Nigra ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle

scholarly journals Effect of Bark Application With Beauveria bassiana and Permethrin Insecticide on the Walnut Twig Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Black Walnut Bolts

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2493-2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E Mayfield ◽  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Jamison Scholer ◽  
John D Vandenberg ◽  
Adam Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle

Abstract Formulations of entomopathogenic (insect-killing) fungi represent alternatives to synthetic insecticides in the management of forest and shade tree insects. We evaluated bark spray applications of the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain GHA (BotaniGardES), permethrin insecticide (Astro), and water (control) on colonization of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) (Fagales: Juglandaceae) bolts by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), vector of the fungus that causes thousand cankers disease. Treated bolts were baited with a P. juglandis aggregation pheromone lure and deployed in infested walnut trees. Bark application of permethrin prevented P. juglandis colonization of the phloem. Although treatment of bolts with the B. bassiana suspension did not reduce P. juglandis colonization or short-term emergence relative to the control treatment, it increased the B. bassiana infection rate from 25 to 62% of emerged adults. Results suggest that commercial applications of B. bassiana strain GHA may help augment natural levels of infection by this entomopathogen in the eastern United States, and support continued exploration of entomopathogens for biological control of the walnut twig beetle.

scholarly journals Insects collected from wood infested with Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae) in the Piemonte region, Northwestern Italy

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Bosio ◽  
Crystal Cooke-McEwen
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle ◽  
First Time ◽  
Accidental Introduction

The walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae), and thousand cankers disease are documented in the Piemonte region of Northern Italy for the first time.  Northern California is found to be the likely origin of the Piemonte walnut twig beetles based on the comparison of CO1 haplotypes. Multiple species of parasitoids have been reared from black walnut wood infested with the invasive walnut twig beetle.  These rearings constitute the first record of the genus Neocalosoter Girault and Dodd (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Cerocephalinae) in Europe and are likely due to accidental introduction along with the host beetle. Two specimens of Theocolax spp. are described as morphological anomalies with geographical origins unknown.   

Black Walnut Mortality in Colorado Caused by the Walnut Twig Beetle and Thousand Cankers Disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Tisserat ◽  
Whitney Cranshaw ◽  
David Leatherman ◽  
Curtis Utley ◽  
Kathleen Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Range ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle ◽  
Enormous Number

Since 2001, widespread mortality of black walnut (Juglans nigra) has been reported in Colorado, USA. Affected trees initially show a yellowing and thinning of leaves in the upper crown, followed by twig and branch dieback and ultimately tree death. We report that this mortality is the result of a combination of an expanded geographic range of the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis), its aggressive feeding behavior on black walnut, and extensive cankering caused by an unnamed Geosmithia fungus associated with the beetle. Geosmithia was consistently recovered from the bodies of P. juglandis and this insect introduces the fungus into healthy trees during gallery formation. This is the first report of Geosmithia as a pathogen of black walnut. We propose the name Thousand Cankers to describe this disease because mortality is the result of bark necrosis caused by an enormous number of coalescing branch and trunk cankers. A second pathogen, Fusarium solani, was isolated from the margins of elongate trunk cankers during the final stages of decline, but not from cankers surrounding beetle galleries. Thousand Cankers Disease is eliminating black walnut along the Front Range of Colorado and poses a grave risk to this species in its native range in eastern North America should the insect/Geosmithia complex be introduced. Accepted for publication 26 May 2009. Published 11 August 2009.

scholarly journals First Record of Thousand Cankers Disease Fungal Pathogen Geosmithia morbida and Walnut Twig Beetle Pityophthorus juglandis on Juglans regia in Europe

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1445-1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Montecchio ◽  
G. Fanchin ◽  
M. Simonato ◽  
M. Faccoli
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Blast Analysis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle

Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is a disease complex caused by the fungus Geosmithia morbida Kolařik (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) and its vector Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman 1928 (Coleoptera, Scolytinae; walnut twig beetle, WTB). Since the mid-1990s, the disease was responsible for widespread mortality of many walnut species in the United States (4). After the first detection of TCD on black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) in Italy (3), an extensive survey was activated in cooperation with the Regional Phytosanitary Service. In May 2014, early TCD symptoms (4) were observed on English walnuts (J. regia L.). Canopies showed yellowing, wilting, and dieback of the youngest twigs, and a number of small brown cankers. Longitudinal and radial sections sampled through the cankers revealed gray to brown discoloration of both phloem and bark, and the presence of bark beetle galleries. Xylem discoloration was never observed. From one ~20-year-old European walnut growing in a garden neighboring an infected black walnut plantation (Santorso, Vicenza, 45°72′ N, 11°40′ E), a number of 1- to 2.5-cm-diameter twigs showing cankers up to 2 cm long surrounding bark beetle holes were collected. Whitish mycelium producing verticillate conidiophores was detected inside the insect galleries. From the necrotic margin of eight cankers previously surface-sterilized with 3% sodium hypochlorite, two 4-mm-wide chips per canker were placed on potato dextrose agar and incubated at 28 ± 1°C in the dark. Slow growing lobate, plane, yellowish-ocher colonies with hyaline mycelium appeared in 5 days. After subculturing to the same medium, growth features, mycelium, conidiophores, and conidia with morphological characteristics matching Kolarik's description of G. morbida (2) were observed. The ITS region of rDNA from the fungus strain LM14GM001-JR was amplified by using ITS1F and ITS4 primers and sequenced obtaining a 387-bp gene fragment. BLAST analysis showed 99% identity to the G. morbida strain U19 (GenBank Accession No. KF808301.1) for 384 bp, and 99% identity to the G. morbida strain LM13GM001-JN previously isolated from J. nigra in Italy (3). From the same samples, two emerging beetles were collected and identified as P. juglandis both morphologically (5) and genetically by DNA extraction following a standard salting out protocol. The barcode region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I was then amplified by using universal primers (1) and sequenced to obtain a 614-bp fragment of the gene. BLAST analysis showed 100% identity to P. juglandis based on comparison with KJ451422. A few other English walnuts with both the fungus and WTB were also found close to other infected black walnut plantations. To our knowledge, this is the first record of G. morbida and P. juglandis on J. regia in Europe, where the tree is cultivated for both fruit and timber production, as well as a traditional landscape tree. Voucher specimens are stored in the TeSAF herbarium and in the DAFNAE insect collection. References: (1) O. Folmer et al. Mol. Marine Biol. Biotechnol. 3:294, 1994. (2) M. Kolarik et al. Mycologia 103:325, 2011. (3) L. Montecchio and M. Faccoli. Plant Dis. 98:696, 2014. (4) S. J. Seybold et al. USDA Forest Service, NA-PR-02-10, 2013. (5) S. L. Wood. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 6:1123, 1982.

scholarly journals Effect of Geosmithia morbida Isolate and Temperature on Canker Development in Black Walnut

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Freeland ◽  
Whitney Cranshaw ◽  
Ned Tisserat
Keyword(s):  
Black Walnut ◽  
Juglans Nigra ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Thousand Cankers Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Canker Development ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle

Thousand cankers disease of black walnut (Juglans nigra) is the result of aggressive feeding by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) and extensive cankering around beetle galleries caused by the fungus Geosmithia morbida. We developed a consistent, reproducible inoculation technique to screen black walnut trees for their reaction to canker development following inoculation with G. morbida. Canker areas in one-year-old trees were not affected by the location on the stem that inoculations were made. Differences in aggressiveness of G. morbida isolates, representing different rDNA ITS haplotype groups, to black walnut were observed in some experiments. However, these differences were small and evidence indicates that a single, highly aggressive haplotype is not responsible for the current TCD epidemic. Cankers formed in black walnut at all temperatures tested, but they were consistently smaller at 32/20°C day/night temperatures compared to 25/20°C. Although G. morbida is thermotolerant, higher temperatures may not enhance canker development. Accepted for publication 1 May 2012. Published 18 June 2012.

scholarly journals Dispersal and colonization risk of the Walnut Twig Beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, in southern Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Marchioro ◽  
Massimo Faccoli
Keyword(s):  
Spatiotemporal Data ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Southwestern Usa ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe Walnut Twig Beetle (WTB), Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, is a small bark beetle native to Mexico and Southwestern USA recorded for the first time in Europe (NE Italy) in 2013. WTB attacks walnut (Juglans spp.) and wingnut trees (Pterocarya spp.) and is the vector of Geosmithia morbida Kolarík et al., a pathogen causing the thousand cankers disease (TCD). WTB and TCD represent a serious threat for walnut orchards in Europe. Spatiotemporal data of the WTB-TCD infestations recorded from an 8-year-long (2013–2020) monitoring conducted in 106 walnut orchards of NE Italy were used to develop a model in order to analyze: (i) the effective dispersal capacity of WTB, (ii) the factors affecting dispersal and (iii) the colonization risk of healthy walnut orchards. We registered a mean annual dispersal of 9.4 km, with peaks of about 40 km. Pest dispersal is affected by distance of suitable hosts from the nearest infested site, number of walnut orchards in the surroundings (both infested and healthy), orchard size and walnut species in the orchard. Using the model, it was also possible to calculate the colonization risk of a specific walnut orchard according to its characteristics showing, for instance, that a medium-size (5,000 trees) black walnut orchard located at 25 km from the nearest infested orchard has an infestation risk of about 50% of probability.

scholarly journals Tracking Changes on Soil Structure and Organic Carbon Sequestration after 30 Years of Different Tillage and Management Practices

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Ramón Bienes ◽  
Maria Jose Marques ◽  
Blanca Sastre ◽  
Andrés García-Díaz ◽  
Iris Esparza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Wilting Point

Long-term field trials are essential for monitoring the effects of sustainable land management strategies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change. The influence of more than thirty years of different management is analyzed on extensive crops under three tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT), and with two crop rotations, monoculture winter-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-vetch (Triticum aestivum L.-Vicia sativa L.), widely present in the center of Spain. The soil under NT experienced the largest change in organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, macroaggregate stability, and bulk density. In the MT and NT treatments, SOC content was still increasing after 32 years, being 26.5 and 32.2 Mg ha−1, respectively, compared to 20.8 Mg ha−1 in CT. The SOC stratification (ratio of SOC at the topsoil/SOC at the layer underneath), an indicator of soil conservation, increased with decreasing tillage intensity (2.32, 1.36, and 1.01 for NT, MT, and CT respectively). Tillage intensity affected the majority of soil parameters, except the water stable aggregates, infiltration, and porosity. The NT treatment increased available water, but only in monocropping. More water was retained at the permanent wilting point in NT treatments, which can be a disadvantage in dry periods of these edaphoclimatic conditions.

Management strategies to reduce losses caused by fusarium seedling blight of field pea

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Chang ◽  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
H. U. Ahmed ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
G. D. Turnbull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Fusarium Seedling Blight ◽  
Disease Pressure

Chang, K. F., Hwang, S. F., Ahmed, H. U., Gossen, B. D., Turnbull, G. D. and Strelkov, S. E. 2013. Management strategies to reduce losses caused by fusarium seedling blight of field pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 619–625. Fusarium seedling blight can cause substantial reductions in the stand density of field pea in western Canada. In greenhouse experiments, emergence decreased and root rot severity rose with increasing inoculum density. In field trials in 2007 and 2008 near Edmonton, AB, seeding at different depths and seeding dates did not consistently affect emergence or yield in Fusarium-infested soils. In field experiments, emergence declined significantly with each increase in inoculum level. Also, seed yield were reduced at high levels of disease pressure. Treatment of seed with Apron Maxx improved emergence, nodulation and yield of treatments challenged with inoculum of F. avenaceum in both greenhouse and field experiments. This research demonstrates the need to prevent seedling blight and root rot through proper seed treatment.

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