scholarly journals Rowcovers Improve Winter Survival and Production of Western Trailing ‘Siskiyou’ Blackberry in the Eastern United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiomi Takeda ◽  
Kathy Demchak ◽  
Michele R. Warmund ◽  
David T. Handley ◽  
Rebecca Grube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Plant Hardiness

Winter injury has limited the expansion of commercial blackberry (Genus Rubus, subgenus Rubus) production into more northern latitudes in central and eastern United States. Rowcover (RC) was applied over trailing ‘Boysenberry’ and ‘Siskiyou’ and erect, thornless ‘Triple Crown’ and ‘Apache’ blackberries at Kearneysville, WV (lat. 39.5°N, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6b) from 2004 to 2007. The daily minimum temperatures under RC were as much as 5 °F to 10 °F higher at nights after sunny days, but were similar during nights after overcast days. On sunny days, daily maximum temperatures under RC were as much as 28 °F higher than in the open. Under RC, humidity rose more quickly and remained higher during the day than in the open, but was slightly lower at night. Mean vapor pressure deficit in late December, January, February, and early March was 100 to 250 kPa higher under RC than in the open. RC treatment significantly reduced winter injury and increased yield in ‘Siskiyou’ blackberry plants. The winter protection techniques described here would provide substantial benefits for growing blackberries in more northern areas where winter injury frequently causes crop failure.

scholarly journals Does an August Singularity Exist in the Northern Rockies of the United States?

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1845-1850
Author(s):  
Peter T. Soulé ◽  
Paul A. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Temperature Anomalies ◽  
Northern Rockies ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Time Of Year

Abstract Climatic singularities offer a degree of orderliness to notable meteorological events that are typically characterized by significant temporal variability. Significant deviations from normal daily maximum temperatures that occur following the passage of a strong midlatitude cyclone in mid- to late August in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States are recognized in the local culture as the “August Singularity.” Daily standardized maximum temperature anomalies for August–October were examined for eight climate stations in Montana and Idaho as indicators of major midlatitude storms. The data indicate that a single-day negative maximum temperature singularity exists for 13 August. Further, a 3-day singularity event exists for 24–26 August. It is concluded that the concept of an August Singularity in the northern Rockies is valid, because the high frequency of recorded negative maximum temperature anomalies suggests that there are specific time intervals during late summer that are more likely to experience a major midlatitude storm. The principal benefit to society for the August Singularity is that the reduced temperatures help in the efforts to control wildfires that are common this time of year in the northern Rockies.

scholarly journals Plant Hardiness Zone Map in Korea and an Analysis of the Distribution of Evergreen Trees in Zone 7b

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-527
Author(s):  
Jung Nam Suh ◽  
Yun-Im Kang ◽  
Youn Jung Choi ◽  
Kyung Hye Seo ◽  
Yong Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Meteorological Observation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Extreme Minimum Temperature ◽  
Data Portal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Plant Hardiness

Background and objective: This study was conducted to establish a Plant Hardiness Zone (PHZ) map, investigate the effect of global warming on changes in PHZ, and elucidate the difference in the distribution of evergreen trees between the central and southern region within hardiness Zone 7b in Korea. Methods: Mean annual extreme minimum temperature (EMT) and related temperature fluctuation data for 40 years (1981 to 2020) in each of the meteorological observation points were extracted from the Open MET Data Portal of the Korea Meteorological Administration. Using EMT data from 60 meteorological observation points, PHZs were classified according to temperature range in the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Changes in PHZs for each decade related to the effects of global warming were analyzed. Temperature fluctuation before and after the day of EMT were analyzed for 4 areas of Seoul, Suwon, Suncheon, and Jinju falling under Zone 7b. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA were performed using the IBM SPSS 22 Statistics software package. Results: Plant hardiness zones in Korea ranged from 6a to 9b. Over four decades, changes to warmer PHZ occurred in 10 areas, especially in colder ones. Based on the analysis of daily temperature fluctuation, the duration of sub-zero temperatures was at least 2 days in Seoul and Suwon, while daily maximum temperatures were above zero in Suncheon and Jinju before and after EMT day. Conclusion: It was found that the duration of sub-zero temperatures in a given area is an important factor affecting the distribution of evergreen trees in PHZ 7b.

scholarly journals New Seed-Collection Zones for the Eastern United States: The Eastern Seed Zone Forum

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-451
Author(s):  
Carolyn Pike ◽  
Kevin M Potter ◽  
Paul Berrang ◽  
Barbara Crane ◽  
Joanne Baggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Assisted Migration ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
General Guideline ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Plant Hardiness ◽  
Single Set ◽  
Forest Managers

Abstract Abstract Reforestation and restoration efforts have traditionally relied on “local” seed sources as planting stock. The term “local” has different meanings in different locales, since no single set of seed-collection zones has yet been widely adopted across the eastern United States. Given concerns about mitigating the effects of climate change, forest managers are increasingly seeking to move seed sources in a process called assisted migration, which would be facilitated if a common set of seed-collection zones were available. We developed a map of 245 seed-collection zones for 37 states by combining two ecologically important layers: plant hardiness zones and ecoregions. These new seed-collection zones should be used by seed collectors and nurseries to describe the origin of seed for plants and trees in the eastern United States. Common garden studies remain the gold standard for determining how far to move seed from any particular seed-collection zone. For species that have not been field-tested, seed movement that is limited either within a seed-collection zone or between adjacent seed-collection zones is a reasonable general guideline.

A Method to Estimate Missing Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature Observations

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur T. DeGaetano ◽  
Keith L. Eggleston ◽  
Warren W. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Observation Times ◽  
Station Density

Abstract A method to estimate missing daily maximum and minimum temperatures is presented. Temperature estimates are based on departures from daily temperature normals at the three closest stations with similar observation times. Although applied to Cooperative Observer Network stations in the northeastern United States, the approach can be used with any network of stations possessing an adequate station density and period of record. Generally, 75% of the estimates for both daily maximum and minimum temperature are within 1.7°C of the observed value. Median absolute differences between estimated and observed minimum temperatures, however, tend to be greater than those associated with maximum temperatures. For minimum temperatures, median absolute differences are approximately 1.0°C, whereas for maximum temperatures these differences are near 0.5°C. The accuracy of the estimates is independent of observation time, geographic location, and observed temperature but is influenced somewhat by station density.

scholarly journals Estimating of water consumption of cherry trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Á. Juhász ◽  
L. Tőkei ◽  
Z. Nagy ◽  
K. Hrotkó
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Minimal Level ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
University Of Budapest ◽  
Seasonal Weather

Despite of its importance there is no exact information on water use of new scion/rootstock composite trees, which would be needed to optimized irrigation. Our research purpose is to define exact water-demand of different rootstock/scion composite trees, calculating seasonal weather changes and by using the results decrease irrigation costs. The investigations are carried out in Soroksár, at the Experimental Farm of Corvinus University of Budapest in May 2008. From among the investigated trees two are budded onto Prunus mahuleb `Érdi V' seedlings, two on "Korponay' seedlings. The sapflow measurements are carried out using Dynamax Flow 32 equipment with Dynagage trunk sensors. The first daily maximum of sapflow was around 10:00 a.m. (2.5 kghour I), the second maximum was always between 14:00-15:00 p.m. (2 kgday- I). Comparing to the very intensive morning water uptake by 20:00 p.m. the water flow slowly reached the minimal level. Significant differences can be seen on rootstocks: trees on `Korponay' rootstock always showed more intensive sapflow and a higher morning peak than trees on `Árdi V'. But later during the day they have the same run.Based on our results the water quantity transpired only by the trees reached in May 86-104 mm, while the precipitation was only 42.4 mm. This means a 40-60 mm deficit in the orchard, which should have been supplied by irrigation despite of the satisfying horticultural performance of the orchard. In the first half of the month beside the steady vapor pressure deficit the shoot and leaf surface growth could cause the increased sapflow.

scholarly journals Horizontal Cane Orientation and Rowcover Application Improve Winter Survival and Yield of Trailing ‘Siskiyou’ Blackberry

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiomi Takeda ◽  
John Phillips
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Training System ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Winter Conditions

Using the rotating cross-arm (RCA) trellis and cane training system, lateral canes of trailing ‘Siskiyou’ blackberry (genus Rubus subgenus Rubus) were kept vertically or rotated down to horizontal so that plant canopy was close to the ground. In winter, the plots were either covered with a non-woven rowcover (RC) or left uncovered. Cane injury was least in plants with lateral canes oriented horizontally and covered. Cane injury was high in plants with lateral canes oriented vertically in winter, whether covered or not, and among plants with lateral canes laid close to the ground but not covered. Among ‘Siskiyou’ plants that had lateral canes oriented horizontally, 280 flower clusters and 6.0 kg fruit/plant were produced on plants that had a RC in the winter compared with only 72 flower clusters and 1.7 kg fruit/plant for plants that were not covered in winter, in 2009. Fewer flower clusters developed and the yield was ≤2 kg/plant on plants with lateral canes oriented vertically. Yield differences between the most and least productive treatments were low in 2010 because of milder winter conditions and snowfall during the coldest periods that fully or partially covered the lateral canes oriented horizontally and close to the ground. The RC treatment had no effect on cane injury or yield when lateral canes were oriented vertically. The findings suggested that ‘Siskiyou’ blackberry can be grown in the eastern United States, where winter injury has frequently caused a crop failure, by positioning the lateral canes close to the ground and covering plants with a RC.

Comparison of 700-hPa NCEP-R1 and AMIP-R2 Wind Patterns over the Continental United States Using Cluster Analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1744-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen J. Cooter ◽  
Jenise Swall ◽  
Robert Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Wind Component ◽  
Wind Flow ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Ozone Levels ◽  
Wind Patterns

Abstract Clustering techniques are adapted to facilitate the comparison of gridded 700-hPa wind flow patterns spanning the continental United States. A recent decade (1985–94) of wind component data has been extracted from two widely used reanalysis datasets: NCEP-R1 and the NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, phase two (AMIP-R2). Metrics and measures are identified that facilitate the identification and comparison of large-scale wind flow. Comparison of the cluster results reveals dominant wind patterns common to both datasets as well as three types of reanalysis model differences: 1) relatively minor numerical differences; 2) differences produced by model corrections or parameterization changes, such as snow mask, snow depth, and moisture flux; and 3) systematic differences, such as orography, overocean radiation fluxes, and overocean data assimilation. A second analysis examines the frequency of 700-hPa wind patterns associated with key ozone-season (May–September) synoptic settings. Association of 1990–94 daily maximum 1-h ozone levels with these patterns across the United States follows documented meteorological dependencies. Above-average ozone levels in the Midwest and mid-Atlantic are associated with transitional anticyclone and easterly flow synoptic patterns (39.2% of ozone-season days) while above-average ozone levels across the southern United States are associated with the westward extension of the Bermuda high circulation (14.8% of ozone-season days). Below-average ozone levels throughout most of the eastern United States are associated with frontal passages and migratory anticyclones (29.6% of ozone-season days).

scholarly journals Potential of Alternative Tsuga spp. as Landscape Replacements for T. canadensis: Longer-Term Evaluation and Propagation of T. chinensis.

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Harper ◽  
Paul Weston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
Plant Hardiness

Seven species of hemlock (Tsuga spp.)—four from North America and three from Asia—were evaluated in replicated plots in Katonah, New York, United States (USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6b) as potential replacements for eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), which is gradually being extirpated from landscapes in the eastern United States. by the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Trends reported in an earlier study (Weston and Harper 2009) continued but were exaggerated after an additional three years of observation. For example, Chinese hemlock (T. chinensis) continued to show the greatest potential as a replacement for T. canadensis as mortality was very low, overall plant health was exceptional, and tolerance to A. tsugae was robust. Early indicators suggest that T. chinensis may also be readily propagated from hardwood cuttings under appropriate greenhouse conditions. These characteristics suggest that T. chinensis may indeed become a viable replacement for T. canadensis, and a valuable addition to landscapes in the eastern U.S.

A Trend Analysis of the 1930–2010 Extreme Heat Events in the Continental United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan M. Oswald ◽  
Richard B. Rood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Heat Events ◽  
Maximum Minimum ◽  
Linear Trends

AbstractExtreme heat events (EHEs) are linked to mortality rates, making them an important research subject in both the climate and public health fields. This study evaluated linear trends in EHEs using the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN), version 2.0, dataset and quantified the longer-term EHE trends across the continental United States (CONUS). The USHCN-daily, version 1, dataset was integrated with the homogenized USHCN-monthly, version 2.0, dataset to create daily data for trend analysis. Time series and estimated trends in multiple characteristics of EHEs (number, total days, mean duration, etc.) were calculated as were the continental means and spatial maps. The differences between EHEs based on daily maximum temperatures, minimum temperatures, and both minimum and maximum temperatures were explored. To focus on warming and cooling periods, the trends were also estimated separately over the first half and second half of the study period (1930–2010). The results indicated that the trends for different EHE characteristics were coherent (e.g., temporally correlated, similar spatial pattern of trends). Maps indicated negative trends in the interior of the CONUS and positive trends in coastal and southern areas. Continental-scale increases between 1970 and 2010 were mostly offset by the decreases between 1930 and 1970. Several daily maximum (minimum) EHEs near the 1930s (2000s) led to 1930–2010 trends of daily maximum (minimum) EHEs decreasing (increasing). Last, the results suggest that linear trends depend on which daily temperature extreme is required to exceed the threshold.

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