Effect of Array Tilt on Beam Noise, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Detection Opportunity Statistics

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl F. Morey
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio

Speech in noise testing before and after grommet insertion

2012 ◽  
Vol 126 (10) ◽  
pp. 1010-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Possamai ◽  
G Kirk ◽  
A Scott ◽  
D Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Noise Test ◽  
Noise Ratio

AbstractObjectives:To assess the feasibility of designing and implementing a speech in noise test in children before and after grommet insertion, and to analyse the results of such a test in a small group of children.Methods:Twelve children aged six to nine years who were scheduled to undergo grommet insertion were identified. They underwent speech in noise testing before and after grommet insertion. This testing used Arthur Boothroyd word lists read at 60 dB in four listening conditions presented in a sound field: firstly in quiet conditions, then in signal to noise ratios of +10 (50 dB background noise), 0 (60 dB) and −10 (70 dB).Results:Mean phoneme scores were: in quiet conditions, 28.1 pre- and 30 post-operatively (p = 0.04); in 50 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio +10), 24.2 pre- and 29 post-operatively (p < 0.01); in 60 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio 0), 22.6 pre- and 27.5 post-operatively (p = 0.06); and in 70 dB background noise (signal to noise ratio −10), 13.9 pre- and 21 post-operatively (p = 0.05).Conclusion:This small study suggests that speech in noise testing is feasible in this scenario. Our small group of children demonstrated a significant improvement in speech in noise scores following grommet insertion. This is likely to translate into a significant advantage in the educational environment.

scholarly journals The robustness of the differential quantizer in the case of the variable signal to noise ratio

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Lazar Cokic ◽  
Aleksandra Marjanovic ◽  
Sanja Vujnovic ◽  
Zeljko Djurovic
Keyword(s):  
Speech Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Optimal Signal ◽  
Theoretical Overview

In this paper a short theoretical overview of differential quantizer and its implementations is given. Afterward, the effect of the order of prediction in differential quantizer and the effect of the difference in order of predictor in the input and output of differential quantizer is analyzed. Then it was proceeded with the examination of the robustness of the differential quantizer in the case in which a noise signal is brought to the input of the differential quantizer, instead of the clean speech signal. The analysis was conducted with a uniform distribution, as well as the noise with the gaussian distribution, and the obtained results were adequately commented on. Also, experimentally a limit was set which refers to the intensity of the noise and still enable results which are better that a regular uniform quantizer. The whole analysis is done by using the fixed number of bits in quantization, i.e. 12-bit quantizer is used in all the implementations of differential quantizer. In the conclusion of this paper there is a discussion about the possibility of implementing a differential quantizer which will be able to recognize which noise attacks the system, and in addition to that, in what form it adapts its coefficients so that it at any moment acquires the optimal signal to noise ratio.

The Accuracy of Saccadic and Perceptual Decisions in Visual Search

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 133-133
Author(s):  
M P Eckstein ◽  
B B Beutter ◽  
L S Stone
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Perceptual Performance ◽  
Noise Ratio

Saccadic eye movements during search for a target embedded in noise are suboptimally guided by information about target location (Eckstein et al, 1997, paper presented at ARVO). Our goal was to compare the spatial information used to guide the saccades with that used for the perceptual decision. Three observers were asked to determine the location of a bright disk (diameter 21 min arc) in white noise (signal-to-noise ratio 4.2) from among ten possible locations evenly spaced at 5.9 deg eccentricity. In the first of four conditions, observers used natural eye movements. In the three remaining conditions, observers fixated a central cross at all times. The fixation conditions consisted of three different presentation times (100, 200, 300 ms), each followed by a mask. Eye-position data were collected with a resolution of ∼0.2 deg. In the natural viewing condition, we measured the accuracy with respect to the target and the latency of the first saccade. In the fixation conditions, we discarded trials in which observers broke fixation. Perceptual performance was computed for all conditions. Averaged across observers, the first saccade was correct (closest to the target location) for 56±7 (SD) % of trials (chance 10%) and occurred after a latency of 313±56 ms. Perceptual performance averaged 53±4%, 63±4%, 65±2% correct at 100, 200, and 300 ms, respectively. We conclude that, for the signal-to-noise ratio used, at the time of initiation of the first saccade there is little difference between the amount of information about target location available to the perceptual and saccadic systems.

scholarly journals ADAPTIVE SIGNAL DECOMPOSITION AND FILTERING USING BINOMIAL FILTERS APPLIED TO THE GROUND-ROLL ATTENUATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian D. Ariza A. ◽  
Milton J. Porsani
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Adaptive Filters ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Seismic Signal ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Signal Decomposition ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Ground Roll ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Adaptive Signal

ABSTRACT. The ground-roll is a type of noise normally present in land seismic data. It strongly harms the signal-to-noise ratio, and interferes in several stages of the seismic data processing, strongly affecting the final quality of the obtained seismic images...Keywords: seismic noise, signal-to-noise ratio, adaptive filters, Burg algorithm, seismic signal decomposition.  RESUMO. O ground-roll é um tipo de ruído normalmente presente nos dados sísmicos terrestres. Ele prejudica muito a razão sinal-ruído e interfere em vários est´ágios do processamento de dados sísmicos, afetando fortemente a qualidade final das imagens sísmicas obtidas...Palavras-chave: ruídos sísmicos, relação sinal-ruído, filtragem adaptativo, algoritmo de Burg, decomposição do sinal sísmico.

Determination of the Best Emulsion for the Microscopy of Crystals

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
David A. Grano ◽  
Kenneth H. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Frequency Space ◽  
Noise Ratio

The retrieval of high-resolution information from images of biological crystals depends, in part, on the use of the correct photographic emulsion. We have been investigating the information transfer properties of twelve emulsions with a view toward 1) characterizing the emulsions by a few, measurable quantities, and 2) identifying the “best” emulsion of those we have studied for use in any given experimental situation. Because our interests lie in the examination of crystalline specimens, we've chosen to evaluate an emulsion's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of spatial frequency and use this as our critereon for determining the best emulsion.The signal-to-noise ratio in frequency space depends on several factors. First, the signal depends on the speed of the emulsion and its modulation transfer function (MTF). By procedures outlined in, MTF's have been found for all the emulsions tested and can be fit by an analytic expression 1/(1+(S/S0)2). Figure 1 shows the experimental data and fitted curve for an emulsion with a better than average MTF. A single parameter, the spatial frequency at which the transfer falls to 50% (S0), characterizes this curve.

Experiments in Bright-Field Imaging with Hollow-Cone Illumination

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
W. Kunath ◽  
K. Weiss ◽  
E. Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Optic Axis ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Field Imaging

Bright-field images taken with axial illumination show spurious high contrast patterns which obscure details smaller than 15 ° Hollow-cone illumination (HCI), however, reduces this disturbing granulation by statistical superposition and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio. In this presentation we report on experiments aimed at selecting the proper amount of tilt and defocus for improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio by means of direct observation of the electron images on a TV monitor.Hollow-cone illumination is implemented in our microscope (single field condenser objective, Cs = .5 mm) by an electronic system which rotates the tilted beam about the optic axis. At low rates of revolution (one turn per second or so) a circular motion of the usual granulation in the image of a carbon support film can be observed on the TV monitor. The size of the granular structures and the radius of their orbits depend on both the conical tilt and defocus.

Information capacity and bandwidth limitations in the SEM

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
D. C. Joy ◽  
R. D. Bunn
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Information Capacity ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal Channel

The information available from an SEM image is limited both by the inherent signal to noise ratio that characterizes the image and as a result of the transformations that it may undergo as it is passed through the amplifying circuits of the instrument. In applications such as Critical Dimension Metrology it is necessary to be able to quantify these limitations in order to be able to assess the likely precision of any measurement made with the microscope.The information capacity of an SEM signal, defined as the minimum number of bits needed to encode the output signal, depends on the signal to noise ratio of the image - which in turn depends on the probe size and source brightness and acquisition time per pixel - and on the efficiency of the specimen in producing the signal that is being observed. A detailed analysis of the secondary electron case shows that the information capacity C (bits/pixel) of the SEM signal channel could be written as :

Speech Reception in the Presence of Classroom Noise

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech Reception ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Noise Ratio

Three hundred children from five to 12 years of age were required to discriminate simple, familiar, monosyllabic words under two conditions: 1) quiet, and 2) in the presence of background classroom noise. Of the sample, 45.3% made errors in speech discrimination in the presence of background classroom noise. The effect was most marked in children younger than seven years six months. The results are discussed considering the signal-to-noise ratio and the possible effects of unwanted classroom noise on learning processes.

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