The Cost of Defense Alternatives

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Defense ◽  
The Cost

The cost of defense in social insects: insights from the honey bee

2008 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Rivera-Marchand ◽  
Tugrul Giray ◽  
Ernesto Guzmán-Novoa
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Cost Of Defense ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Costs and benefits of Daphnia defense against Chaoborus in nature

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1286-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke J Boeing ◽  
Björn Wissel ◽  
Charles W Ramcharan
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cost Of Defense ◽  
Daphnia Population ◽  
Direct And Indirect Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
The Cost

To estimate costs and benefits of antipredator defenses in the Chaoborus–Daphnia system, we employed lake enclosures wherein controls (C) had no predators, the predation (P) treatment had freely swimming Chaoborus, and the kairomone (K) treatment predators were sequestered in a mesh tube apart from the Daphnia. Population growth (r) of two Daphnia pulex clones, one responsive (RC) and the other nonresponsive (NRC) to Chaoborus kairomone, was estimated for each predator treatment. Cost of defense was calculated as r(C,RC) – r(K,RC). Benefit was calculated as r(P,RC) – r(P,NRC). Antipredator defenses of Daphnia towards Chaoborus kairomone led to a 32% reduction in population growth in nature. The benefit of the defense, however, was a short-term 68% enhanced population growth by a responsive over a nonresponsive clone in the presence of the actual predation threat. The benefit of the defense exceeded the cost, but cost was nevertheless substantial. Our results verify that the in situ effects of Chaoborus on Daphnia involve direct and indirect impacts.

Peace with the Planet

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-95
Author(s):  
Petra Goedde
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
The West ◽  
Cost Of Defense ◽  
Nuclear Weapons Testing ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Middle Class Families

This chapter traces the coalescence between pacifist and environmental concerns around the issue of nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and early 1960s in the West. Scientists, health professionals, educators, and middle-class families grew increasingly concerned about the health hazards of fallout from nuclear testing. They built a grassroots movement that transcended the traditional Cold War divisions and ignored political warnings about the need for nuclear deterrence against the communist threat. Clean soil, clean air, and clean food, as well as the health of current and future generations of children, were at stake, making the cost of defense against an abstract communist enemy too high a price to pay for many. The struggle for peace thus expanded from political-ideological to the medical-environmental realm.

Population and Evolutionary Dynamics based on Predator–Prey Relationships in a 3D Physical Simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Ito ◽  
Marcin L. Pilat ◽  
Reiji Suzuki ◽  
Takaya Arita
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Physical Simulation ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Cost Of Defense ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
The Cost

Recent studies have reported that population dynamics and evolutionary dynamics, occurring at different time scales, can be affected by each other. Our purpose is to explore the interaction between population and evolutionary dynamics using an artificial life approach based on a 3D physically simulated environment in the context of predator–prey and morphology–behavior coevolution. The morphologies and behaviors of virtual prey creatures are evolved using a genetic algorithm based on the predation interactions between predators and prey. Both population sizes are also changed, depending on the fitness. We observe two types of cyclic behaviors, corresponding to short-term and long-term dynamics. The former can be interpreted as a simple population dynamics of Lotka–Volterra type. It is shown that the latter cycle is based on the interaction between the changes in the prey strategy against predators and the long-term change in both population sizes, resulting partly from a tradeoff between their defensive success and the cost of defense.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

New Feasible Concepts of Aberration Correction for Realizing High-Resolution Electron Microscopes

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
H. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Optical Lens ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Rotationally Symmetric ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Imaging Performance ◽  
Acceleration Voltage

The imaging performance of the light optical lens systems has reached such a degree of perfection that nowadays numerical apertures of about 1 can be utilized. Compared to this state of development the objective lenses of electron microscopes are rather poor allowing at most usable apertures somewhat smaller than 10-2 . This severe shortcoming is due to the unavoidable axial chromatic and spherical aberration of rotationally symmetric electron lenses employed so far in all electron microscopes.The resolution of such electron microscopes can only be improved by increasing the accelerating voltage which shortens the electron wave length. Unfortunately, this procedure is rather ineffective because the achievable gain in resolution is only proportional to λ1/4 for a fixed magnetic field strength determined by the magnetic saturation of the pole pieces. Moreover, increasing the acceleration voltage results in deleterious knock-on processes and in extreme difficulties to stabilize the high voltage. Last not least the cost increase exponentially with voltage.

An application: the cost of clinic care by undergraduate dental students and its relationship to clinic fees

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 832-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Solomon ◽  
TK Hasegawa ◽  
JD Shulman ◽  
PO Walker
Keyword(s):  
Dental Students ◽  
The Cost

The effect of heliotherapy on the cost of psoriasis, p. 288

1998 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
Snellman ◽  
Maljanen ◽  
Aromaa ◽  
Reunanen ◽  
Jyrkinen‐Pakkasvirta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Cost
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