Evaluation of Anti-fouling Surfaces for Prevention of Mineral Scaling in Sub-surface Safety Valves

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Charpentier ◽  
A.. Neville ◽  
S.. Baraka-Lokmane ◽  
C.. Hurtevent ◽  
J-R.. Ordonez-Varela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barium Carbonate ◽  
Scale Removal ◽  
Associated Production ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Strontium Sulfate ◽  
Mineral Scaling ◽  
Mineral Scale ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Production Losses

Abstract Mineral scale formation and deposition in down-hole completion equipment such as subsurface safety valves can cause dramatic and unacceptable safety risks and associated production losses and operational costs. Current scale removal strategies involve both mechanical and chemical technologies, each of them having their own advantages depending on the type of mineral scale and its location. However, these techniques are often costly and of limited efficiency. The current study assesses the ability of a range of chemically and morphologically modified coatings to prevent/reduce mineral scale surface fouling. Building-up on previous work done under static conditions, this paper presents results from scaling tests under laminar and turbulent dynamic conditions using a rotating cylinder electrode under in a complex (mixed) scaling environment (supersaturated w.r.t. calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, barium carbonate and strontium carbonate). The study shows that if properly selected, surface treatments represent a promising approach to reduce scale deposition on downhole equipment surfaces that are critical to maintain equipment functionality and thereby well safety barrier integrity. By analyzing the scaling behaviors observed within the set of surfaces tested, suggestions of the controlling factors in anti-fouling on these systems are presented and discussed.

Verifying Production Losses due to Petroleum Flow Improving Well Intervention and Design

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Adriana Coca Suaznabar ◽  
Kazuo Miura ◽  
Celso Kazuyuki Morooka
Keyword(s):  
Saturation Index ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Line System ◽  
Well Design ◽  
Strontium Sulfate ◽  
Offshore Oil ◽  
Solids Deposition ◽  
Production Losses

The purpose of this research is to identify in the literature: causes, factors, case study descriptions and adopted solutions for production losses regarding the petroleum flow in offshore oil wells. Those facts will be organized and structured to identify potential zones of intervention for planning the well maintenance during well design phase to avoid production losses. This paper focuses on four offshore regions: Campos Basin, Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, and West Africa. These regions represent the most significant share of offshore oil production in the world. Data set available in the last thirty five years through academic, technical and governmental reports in the literature were the basis of this study. The procedure was accomplished in three steps: (1) data research (2) analysis of the data (3) guidelines establishment. The main cause of production loss regarding the petroleum flow is the solids deposition in the well/line system, such as hydrates, asphaltenes, wax, scales (barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and naturally occurrence radioactive material), and calcium naphthenates. In this work the superposition of graphics (hydrate curve, wax appearance temperature, asphaltene onset pressure, and saturation index) resulted in a region free of solids deposition, denominated as “flow assurance envelope”. The main expected result is to propose a guideline to be used during the well design phase in order to minimize and facilitate the well intervention. The main contributions of this paper to the oil industry are the identification of potential zones of intervention due to solids deposition in the well/line system, the foresight of well intervention before the beginning of the oilfield production, and finally, possibilities to improve the well or intervention design.

Production benefits of breeding for worm resistance in Merino sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (13) ◽  
pp. 1643
Author(s):  
J. C. Greeff ◽  
L. J. E. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Resistant Line ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Associated Production ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
And Control ◽  
Production Losses

Context Production losses, due to worms and anthelmintic costs to control the infection, can affect the profitability of sheep production systems. Aims This study was carried out to quantify the production benefits of worm-resistant sheep. Methods Genetically worm-resistant and unselected control Merino rams were mated annually to 150 ewes in each of the Resistant and Control lines respectively over an 8-year period. All ewes and their progeny were managed in small replicated paddocks to prevent any cross-contamination between paddocks and groups. Fertility, growth, wool production, wool quality and worm resistance were measured on the ewes and their progeny. The data were analysed using mixed model methodology. Key results The progeny of the Resistant sires were on average 21–25% more worm resistant than the progeny of the Control sires. No significant differences were recorded in reproduction between mature ewes of the Resistant and Control lines, or in the survival rate of their lambs. Resistant line progeny were on average 1.6 kg heavier at weaning, received 15–17% less drenching during the experiment and produced on average 0.3 μm finer wool at hogget shearing than the Control line progeny. Conclusions It is concluded that the Resistant line coped better with a worm challenge and that this resulted in increased production. Implications This study shows that apart from improved worm resistance, there are associated production benefits in breeding for worm resistance.

scholarly journals Reusable Sensor for Strontium Sulfate Scale Monitoring in Seawater

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Abdellatif Bouchalkha ◽  
Radouane Karli ◽  
Khalid Alhammadi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Industry ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Strontium Sulfate ◽  
Oil Pipelines ◽  
Scaling Process ◽  
Strontium Ions ◽  
Selective Sensitivity ◽  
Financial Losses ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Production Losses

The onset of scaling in oil pipelines can halt or drastically reduce oil production, causing huge financial losses and delays. Current methods used to monitor scaling can take weeks, while the scaling process only takes few hours. The proposed sensor is designed for online monitoring of strontium ions concentration in seawater as an early scaling indicator. The sensor operates in the GHz range by probing the shift in the resonance frequency due to changes in the ionic concentrations of the medium. The results show selective sensitivity to changes in the strontium ions concentration even in the presence of many other ions found in seawater. The measured sensitivity is found to be stable and linear with a detection level of better than 0.08% (0.042 mol/L) of strontium ions in seawater. This work demonstrates a robust GHz sensor for strontium sulfate scale monitoring and early detection, which could be used in the oil industry to prevent huge production losses. These results could also be extended further to target the monitoring of other ions in different industrial sectors.

scholarly journals Resistance to Species of Phytophthora Identified among Clones of Juglans microcarpa × J. regia

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1136-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Browne ◽  
Charles A. Leslie ◽  
Joseph A. Grant ◽  
Ravindra G. Bhat ◽  
Leigh S. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Soil Flooding ◽  
Associated Production ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
English Walnut ◽  
Crown And Root Rot ◽  
Soil Mix ◽  
Production Losses

Species of Phytophthora are serious soilborne pathogens of persian (english) walnut, causing crown and root rot and associated production losses worldwide. To facilitate the development of improved walnut rootstocks, we examined resistance of 48 diverse clones and seedlings of Juglans species to P. cinnamomi and P. citricola. Plants were micropropagated, acclimatized to a greenhouse environment, and then exposed to the pathogens in artificially infested potting soil mix. Inoculated plants, as well as noninoculated controls, were subjected to soil flooding for 48 hours every 2 weeks to facilitate infection by the pathogens. Two to 3 months after inoculation, resistance to the pathogens was assessed according to the severity of crown and root rot. Clonal hybrids of J. californica × J. regia were highly susceptible to the pathogens (means 52% to 76% root crown length rotted), while several clones of J. microcarpa × J. regia were significantly less susceptible (means 8% to 79% crown length rotted). Among clones of other parentages tested, including: J. microcarpa, (J. californica × J. nigra) × J. regia, J. hindsii × J. regia, (J. hindsii × J. regia) × J. regia, [(J. major × J. hindsii) × J. nigra] × J. regia, and J. nigra × J. regia, responses varied, but tended to be intermediate. When ‘Serr’ scions were budded or grafted on J. microcarpa × J. regia clone ‘RX1’ or Paradox (J. hindsii × J. regia) seedling rootstocks in a commercial orchard infested with P. cinnamomi, all trees on ‘RX1’ remained healthy, whereas only 49% of those on Paradox survived. Thus, useful resistance to Phytophthora is available among J. microcarpa × J. regia hybrids and is evident in ‘RX1’ rootstock.

Scale Removal with Ultrasonic Waves

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartwig Kunanz ◽  
Sylvia Wölfel
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Scale Removal ◽  
Strontium Sulfate

Abstract Today, ultrasound is a widely used technology for a number of industrial applications, from processing liquids and slurries, cleaning of optical lenses and jewellery, purification of water, enhancement of mechanical and physical properties of metals, welding, dispersing, humidifiers, to material testing. In the oil and gas industry the ultrasonic technology is typically used for measurement applications. This paper describes first test and research results using ultrasonic waves to remove scaling in the borehole. So far most standard scaling treatments involve the use of chemicals. With ultrasonic treatment, it may be possible to reduce or even substitute the chemical applications. This transgression from a chemical to a physical cleaning process would most likely save costs and reduce the environmental impact. Scaling from calcium carbonate, gypsum/anhydrite or barium/strontium sulfate is considered a major issue with oil and gas production, causing the industry enormous efforts on prevention and removal. To assess the usability of ultrasound for scaling removal, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted, starting with gypsum due to its easy handling and continuing with the more critical calcium carbonate scaling. The cleaning effects could be proven and the main factors influencing the ultrasonic cleaning efficiency could be identified in the laboratory. This paper will present and discuss the findings so far and will give an outlook on future research issues with ultrasonic scale removal.

scholarly journals New Environmentally Friendly Acid System for Iron Sulfide Scale Removal

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hany Gamal ◽  
Khaled Abdelgawad ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Acid System ◽  
Field Sample ◽  
Scale Removal ◽  
Well Completion ◽  
Static Conditions

Iron sulfide scale is a common problem in the oil and gas industry. The precipitation of the iron sulfide scale on the well completion tools or inside surface flow lines restricts the flow of the produced fluids and might affect the integrity of the pipelines or the surface and subsurface tools. Failure of the downhole completions tools will not only reduce the production rates but it might require workover and remedial operations that will add extra cost. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate a new environmentally friendly acid system (NEFAS) for iron sulfide scale removal using an actual field sample. The scale sample collected from a natural gas well is dominated by pyrrhotite (55%) in addition to calcite (21%), pyrite (8%), and torilite (6%) with minor traces of hibbingite, siderite, geothite, akaganeite, and mackinawite. High-temperature solubility tests were performed by soaking 2 g of the scale field sample with 20 cm3 of the NEFAS under static condition at 125 °C for different time periods (2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h). The solubility results were compared with commercial solutions for iron sulfide scale removal such as hydrochloric acid (15 wt.%), glutamic acid diacetic acid (GLDA, 20 wt.%), and high density converters (HDC-3) under the same conditions. The corrosion test was performed at 125 °C for the developed solution after mixing with 2 wt.% corrosion inhibitor (CI) and 2 wt.% corrosion intensifier (CIN). The results were compared with HCl (15 wt.%) under the same conditions. NEFAS consists of 75 wt.% biodegradable acid at pH of 0.04. NEFAS achieved 83 g/L solubility of iron sulfide scale after 6 h at 125 °C under static conditions. The solubility efficiency was very close to 15 wt.% HCl after 24 h where the solubility was 82 and 83 g/L for NEFAS and HCl, respectability. HDC-3 and GLDA (20 wt.%) achieved a lower scale solubility; 18 g/L and 65 g/L respectively, after 24 h. NEFAS achieved a corrosion rate of 0.211 kg/m2 after adding the CI and and CIN compared to 0.808 kg/m2 for HCl. The new environmentally friendly biodegradable acid system provides efficient performance for the scale removal without harming the environment and causing any side effects to the operation.

Nonacid Solution for Mineral Scale Removal in Downhole Conditions

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamile Sanchez ◽  
Eber Castro Neira ◽  
David Reyes ◽  
Carlos Macias ◽  
Hernan Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Removal ◽  
Mineral Scale

TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINERAL SCALE REMOVAL FORM WELL EQIPMENT WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
A.V. Brikov ◽  
◽  
A.B. Andreev ◽  
E.G. Kulaev ◽  
A.N. Markin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Scale Removal ◽  
Mineral Scale

scholarly journals Merozoites of Theileria Orientalis Buffeli Reduce Parasitosis Following Challenge by Ticks Infested with T.Orientalis Ikeda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Emery ◽  
Susan de Burgh ◽  
Therese Hoang Hieu Hanh Dinh ◽  
Peter Rolls ◽  
Phillip Carter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experience ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Bovine Blood ◽  
Theileria Orientalis ◽  
Associated Production ◽  
And Control ◽  
Production Losses

Abstract Background: An investigation aimed to confirm whether immunisation with the “benign” buffeli genotype of Theileria orientalis could reduce the parasitosis of the virulent ikeda genotype. Methods: Calves were inoculated intravenously or subcutaneously with bovine blood containing merozoites of T.orientalis buffeli. When recipients became positive, they and control animals were challenged with unfed nymphs of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks infested as larvae with T.orientalis ikeda. Results: All calves became positive for the challenge within 12 days after tick application. In the immunised calves, the first wave of parasitosis with T.orientalis ikeda from 4-6 weeks was reduced significantly by >80% before the infestation declined into the carrier state by 9 weeks. Conclusions: The results confirm the field experience with theileriosis in endemic zones where the carrier state appears to prevent clinical disease despite repeated, seasonal tick infestations with virulent genotypes of the parasite. This method offers a means to reduce the severity of the first wave of theilerial parasitosis after tick challenge and recover associated production losses.

Social Cognition in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
Ronja Weiblen ◽  
Melanie Jonas ◽  
Sören Krach ◽  
Ulrike M. Krämer
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
Work Done

Abstract. Research on the neural mechanisms underlying Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) has mostly concentrated on abnormalities in basal ganglia circuits. Recent alternative accounts, however, focused more on social and affective aspects. Individuals with GTS show peculiarities in their social and affective domain, including echophenomena, coprolalia, and nonobscene socially inappropriate behavior. This article reviews the experimental and theoretical work done on the social symptoms of GTS. We discuss the role of different social cognitive and affective functions and associated brain networks, namely, the social-decision-making system, theory-of-mind functions, and the so-called “mirror-neuron” system. Although GTS affects social interactions in many ways, and although the syndrome includes aberrant social behavior, the underlying cognitive, affective, and neural processes remain to be investigated.

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