Pretreatment of Produced Waters Containing High Total Dissolved Solids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damir Kaishentayev ◽  
Berna Hascakir
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Permian Basin ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Fracture Conductivity ◽  
Produced Waters

Abstract There are mainly two types of solids in the oil field waters; Suspended Solids (SS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). While it is easy to remove SS from water, removal of TDS requires the application of advance filtration techniques such as reverse osmosis or ultra-filtration. Because these techniques cannot handle high volumes of the oilfield waters with high TDS content, produced waters originated from hydraulic fracturing activities cannot be treated by using these advance technologies. Thus, in this study we concentrated on the pretreatment of these waters. We investigated the feasibility of the Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation (CFS) process as pretreatment method to reduce mainly SS in Produced Water (PW) samples. We collected samples from 14 different wells in the Permian Basin. First, we characterized the water samples in terms of pH, SS, TDS, Zeta potential (ZP), Turbidity, Organic matter presence and different Ion concentration. We tested varying doses of several organic and inorganic chemicals, and on treated water samples we measured pH, TDS, SS, Turbidity, ZP and Ions. Then, we compared obtained results with the initial PW characterizations to determine the best performing chemicals and their optimal dosage (OD) to remove contaminants effectively. The cation and anion analyses on the initial water samples showed that TDS is mainly caused by the dissolved sodium and chlorine ions. ZP results indicated that SS are mainly negatively charged particles with absolute values around 20 mV on average. Among the tested coagulants, the best SS reduction was achieved through the addition of ferric sulfate, which helped to reduce the SS around 86%. To further lessen SS, we tested several organic flocculants in which the reduction was improved slightly more. We concluded while high TDS in the Permian basin does not implement a substantial risk for the reduction of fracture conductivity, SS is posing a high risk. Our study showed, depending on components of the initial PW, reuse of the pretreated water for fracturing may minimize fracture conductivity damage.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF YAMUNA RIVER AT GOKUL BARRAGE, MATHURA (UP) INDIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
AJAY KUMAR RAJAWAT ◽  
PRAVEEN KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Chemical Condition ◽  
Yamuna River ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Almost All

An attempt has been made to study the Physico-chemical condition of water of Yamuna River at Gokul Barrage, Mathura, (UP). The time period of study was July 2015 to June 2016. Three water samples were selected from different sites in each month for study. The parameters studied were Temperature, Turbidity, pH, DO, BOD, COD, Total Dissolved Solids and Suspended Solids. Almost all the parameters were found above the tolerance limit.

scholarly journals Researchof Water Quality and its Chemical Parameters by Titration Method and Instrumenal Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S4) ◽  
pp. 871-874
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Instrumental Method ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Dissolved Solids

he water quality analysis is an important aspect in understanding the behavior of water and what can they be used for. This study gives us a valuable information on the general properties of water quality parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, Bicarbonate, Sulfate, Nitrate, chloride etc. of the study area . Water samples were analyzed at the water quality lab. NIH, Roorkee for pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. The pH of water varied from 7.14 to 7.75. The electrical conductivity (EC) of sample falls from 620µS/cm to 2000µS/cm. The overall total dissolved solids in water of study area varied from 120mg/l to 900mg/l. Overall the range of the Chloride in water of the study area tend to falls between 13mg/l to 375mg/l. Sulfate of all the water samples that were collected from the study area have ranged from 28mg/l to 250mg .The range of the Bicarbonate of all the water samples varied from 320mg/l to 1051mg/l. The study area helps to know about water quality parameters and how to find their values by usingtwo methods : 1) titration method 2) instrumental method .It also helps us to apply these water quality parameters in ArcGis. It helps us to show the values of different parameters in different blocks ofambala for different years In this we have studied different blocks of ambala district Haryana .We have taken the samples from different places from the blocks and also samples are from wells, canal , rivers, ponds.

scholarly journals Kajian Tingkat Akurasi Sensor pada Rancang Bangun Alat Ukur Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) dan Tingkat Kekeruhan Air

Jurnal Fisika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Rahmi Putri Wirman ◽  
Indrawata Wardhana ◽  
Vandri Ahmad Isnaini
Keyword(s):  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Accuracy Level

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and turbidity of water are parameters to determine the quality of water. In this research, instruments development and study of accuracy level for TDS meter and turbidimeter have been made. Instruments were made using TDS sensor and turbidity sensor that were inexpensive and available on the market. The samples used for instruments examination were water with dye (Rhodamine B) and powder of coffee as impurities. The results showed that the sensors worked properly and provided a better accuracy in measuring water samples with coffee impurities than dye impurities. The inaccuracy on the determination of water samples with dye impurities due to dye particles which have soluble properties on water and microscopic size than particles of coffee.

An analysis of vegetation–environment relationships in Saskatchewan sloughs

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Walker ◽  
R. T. Coupland
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Association Table ◽  
Associated Species

This study examined the relationships between the distribution of herbaceous species and some of the major environmental factors in sloughs. Frequency distribution of species was studied in 64 stands. Environmental data, collected in 40 of these, included weekly readings of water level, fortnightly readings of pH and total dissolved solids in water, and texture and organic matter content of topsoil and subsoil. An association table of 24 leading dominants, arranged so that strongly associated species were close together, corresponded closely to their observed order along a moisture gradient. Environmental scalars were constructed to combine data on pH and total dissolved solids, as well as initial water depth and rate of water loss. The soil data showed very little association with species distribution. Synthetic scalars for water regime and for water chemistry were plotted against one another to obtain an arrangement of stands. Plotting the frequency distribution of the leading dominant species over the environmental arrangement of stands showed most of the species to be strongly affected by the water regime and somewhat less affected by salinity. A few were restricted to a very narrow range of one of these factors, while others flourished in all segments of the environment. The relationships suggested by this analysis are largely in agreement with those suggested by the vegetation analysis alone.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Treated Water from Water Filtration Machines for Safe Drinking Water Supply in Bandar Baru Bangi and Kajang, Selangor

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nazira Sulaiman ◽  
Saiful Irwan Zubairi ◽  
Norrakiah Abdullah Sani ◽  
Zalifah Mohd Kasim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Colony Count ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Treated Water

This study was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties, microbiological quality, level of consumption, and effects of treated water from paid water filtration machines on health of the residents of Bandar Baru Bangi and Kajang, Selangor. The number of water samples taken for this study was 15 from the paid water filtration machines studied. The physicochemical assessment such as determination of pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen was conducted, while the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the mineral content of the treated water. The microbiological quality was determined using the pour plate method for colony count (22°C incubation for 72 hours and 37°C for 24 hours), while for coliforms and Escherichia coli, the membrane filtration method was utilized. The samples of treated water from the paid water filters were based on triplicate sampling (n = 3). The pH, turbidity, total dissolved solid values, and heavy metal concentration were within the safe level according to the Malaysian National Standard for Drinking Water Quality, Ministry of Health (MOH). The overall range for the pH values of the treated water samples was between 6.50 and 7.15, where this was within the recommended range. The total dissolved solids showed that all the treated water samples were in the range of the recommended standard (27 to 92 mg/L). The range of turbidity values for all the treated water samples was from 1.7 to 6 NTU, and the dissolved oxygen range was from 7.7 to 8.2 mg/L. The colony count results showed that most of the water samples complied with the standards of <4 log cfu/mL at 37°C and <3 log cfu/mL at 22°C of incubation temperatures. However, there was the presence of coliforms in four (4/15) of the treated water samples being at more than 4 cfu/100 mL, while E. coli was absent in all of the treated water samples. The overall results showed that all samples were safe to drink according to the Industrial Guide to Good Hygiene Practice by Automatic Vending Association of Britain (2000) and Food Act (1983) except for the four treated water samples (C, D, H, and I). For that reason, the filtered waters require quality evaluation and management, while the filters need to be replaced according to their designated schedule in order to ascertain that the drinking water is safe to be consumed by the public.

scholarly journals Water Quality Analyses: Evidence from River Gashua and Some Selected Groundwater Sources in Gashua, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Amoo Afeez Oladeji ◽  
Adeleye Adeniyi Olarewaju ◽  
Bate Garba Barde ◽  
Asaju Catherine Iyabo ◽  
Isiaq Saheed Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Membrane Technique

The interface between surface water and groundwater is becoming more complex owing to the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities these days. In this study, the physicochemical; pH, color, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity while bacteriological parameters; total and fecal coliform of water samples from River Gashua and its surrounding wells in Gashua local government area of Yobe State were assessed. All the physicochemical parameters were analyzed using water quality standards. Fecal and total coliforms were assayed using the filter membrane technique. The results obtained from the physicochemical parameters of Boreholes (BH1, BH2, and BH3) and hand pump wells (HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3) are within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. However, the river (R) water sample was found to have a high concentration in total dissolved solids, turbidity, and color than permissible standards. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of total and fecal coliform in the water samples; R, BH2, BH3, HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3. The findings indicate that there is a need to protect the quality of the river system. Therefore, it is recommended that government and other stakeholders should take appropriate and corrective actions to avert the continuous discharge of waste products into the river. Again, Yobe State Ministry of Environment should ensure that all public boreholes are routinely subjected to appropriate water assays to ascertain their suitability for human consumption.

Assessment of habitats and conservation status of Amphibians in Sindh, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mangi ◽  
Kalsoom Shaikh ◽  
Waheed Shabrani ◽  
Ghulam Sarwar Gachal ◽  
Irfan Tagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Dissolved Solids

Some interior areas of Sindh are poorly studied previously which are considered as main sites for present investigation. For the study of ignored amphibian fauna, we conducted a survey to observe the environmental condition of amphibian habitats. The physical characteristics of habitat such as types of vegetation and presence of predators were observed, while water samples were collected from all aquatic habitats for analysis of parameters i.e. pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrite and nitrate as well as carbon dioxide. All the habitats were analyzed thoroughly and designated as highly contaminated and unfavorable especially for spawns and larvae and their conservation status was found entirely deteriorated, though abundance of vegetation was observed alongwith availability of potential predators.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Tangshan Region of the People�s Republic of China and Similar Areas in the U.S.

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Domagalski ◽  
Lin Chao ◽  
Zhou Xinquan
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
The U.S

Groundwater quality with respect to nitrate, major inorganic constituents, stable isotopes, and tritium was assessed in the agricultural Tangshan region in the Hai He River Basin of the People’s Republic of China and compared with three regions in the U.S.: the Delmarva Peninsula of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; the San Joaquin Valley of California; and the Sacramento Valley of California. The China and U.S. regions are similar in size and land use, but have different climatic conditions and patterns of water use for irrigation. The Tangshan region has been in agricultural production for a much longer time, probably several centuries, than the three U.S. regions; however, the widespread use of synthetic fertilizers and other soil amendments probably started at a similar time in all four regions. In all four regions, median nitrate concentrations were generally below the U.S. drinking water standard of 10 mg/l of nitrate as nitrogen. However, higher concentrations and a greater range were evident for the Tangshan region. In the water samples collected from a shallow aquifer in the Tangshan region (over 25% of all samples), nitrate concentrations exceeded the Chinese standard of 20 mg/l, whereas few comparative samples (2.6%) collected in the U.S. exceeded 20 mg/l. In Tangshan, relatively low nitrate, which is indicative of uncontaminated background concentrations, was measured in older water of deeper wells. Recently recharged water was detected in wells drilled as deep as 150 m. Nitrate concentrations above background levels were also measured in water samples from these wells. In addition to nitrate, the agricultural area of the Tangshan region has been affected by elevated total dissolved solids and iron, the latter attributed to widespread application of animal wastes and sewage deposited on the land surface, which lead to oxygen depletion in the subsurface environment and dissolution of iron. The elevated total dissolved solids of the Tangshan study area could not be attributed to any one process.

Relationship Between Nutrients, Dominant Ions, and Phytoplankton Standing Crop in Prairie Saline Lakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1588-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. H. Bierhuizen ◽  
E. E. Prepas
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Freshwater Lakes ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Significant Relationships

We collected data from 20 saline lakes (total dissolved solids from 1000 to 91 000 mg∙L−1) in southeastern Alberta to compare relationships between phosphorus, nitrogen, and phytoplankton standing crop with those in freshwater lakes. In 18 lakes, Na+, Mg2+, SO42−, and HCO3−-CO32− were the dominant ions. In these lakes there was a significant positive correlation between Ca2+ and chlorophyll a (Chl a), and there were significant negative correlations between Chl a and conductivity, pH, Na+, Mg2+, SO42−, HCO3−, and CO32−. When all 20 lakes were considered there were no significant relationships between Chl a and phosphorus or nitrogen. Empirical relationships for freshwater lakes, based on spring or summer total phosphorus (TP) or total nitrogen (TN), overestimated Chl a in all the study lakes. However, in saline lakes with similar ionic composition and TN to TP ratios greater than 12 (by weight), there was a significant positive relationship between TP and Chl a. For the saline lakes with TN to TP ratios greater than 12, the deviations between the Chl a levels predicted from models developed for freshwater lakes and the observed levels were positively correlated with conductivity, total dissolved solids, and Na+ (r2 = 0.78–0.82, P < 0.001). We developed the first empirical model that describes nutrient – Chl a relationships for inland saline lakes. The deviation of measured phytoplankton biomass from that predicted by models developed for freshwater lakes can be explained by conductivity or dominant ion concentration.

scholarly journals Investigation of water quality in Ambur city by water quality indexing

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
K. Mohiuddin Farooqui ◽  
Santosh Kumar Sar ◽  
Vijita Diwan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Solids

Present study is carried out for the assessment of ground water quality and comparing its suitability for drinking purpose in Ambur city in Tirupattur District, Tamil Nadu, India. Water quality index is calculated on the basis of pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, alkalinity, and SO42- content of the water samples. Water quality index study show that the ground water quality of the study area is deteriorated due to high value of total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulphate in water samples.

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