An analysis of vegetation–environment relationships in Saskatchewan sloughs

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Walker ◽  
R. T. Coupland
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Association Table ◽  
Associated Species

This study examined the relationships between the distribution of herbaceous species and some of the major environmental factors in sloughs. Frequency distribution of species was studied in 64 stands. Environmental data, collected in 40 of these, included weekly readings of water level, fortnightly readings of pH and total dissolved solids in water, and texture and organic matter content of topsoil and subsoil. An association table of 24 leading dominants, arranged so that strongly associated species were close together, corresponded closely to their observed order along a moisture gradient. Environmental scalars were constructed to combine data on pH and total dissolved solids, as well as initial water depth and rate of water loss. The soil data showed very little association with species distribution. Synthetic scalars for water regime and for water chemistry were plotted against one another to obtain an arrangement of stands. Plotting the frequency distribution of the leading dominant species over the environmental arrangement of stands showed most of the species to be strongly affected by the water regime and somewhat less affected by salinity. A few were restricted to a very narrow range of one of these factors, while others flourished in all segments of the environment. The relationships suggested by this analysis are largely in agreement with those suggested by the vegetation analysis alone.

Compaction of forest soils. A review

Soil Research ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
EL Greacen ◽  
R Sands
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Soil Water Regime ◽  
Heavy Loads

The problem of soil compaction in forestry differs from that in agriculture because of differences in the nature of the crop, in particular the weight and size of the plant members and the length of time that they persist. The roots compact the soil as they increase in size, but they also transmit the weight of the tree and forces generated by the wind onto the soil. There are important differences in management practices; in forestry modern harvesting machines apply heavy loads and, for reasons of cost, tend to be kept in operation throughout the year. As a consequence the structure of the soil suffers some damage, often manifested as compaction. Compaction arising from such sources may reduce the growth of the current trees or trees subsequently planted on the site. But it is difficult to predict the extent of such reduction, if any, because of the complex of interactions involved. Important factors concerned, namely, the soil water regime and the organic matter content, are emphasized. A conceptual model is proposed as a predictive tool. The mechanics of soil compaction, the effects of compaction on the physical properties of the soil, and techniques for the prevention and amelioration of compaction of forest soils, are discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Diyala River Water Quality on the Quality of Tigris River Water using GIS Mapping

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Fatima Muqdad Al-Rubaie ◽  
Nawar Omran Al-Musawi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
River Water Quality ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
Diyala River

The assessment of a river water’ quality is an essential procedure of monitor programs and is used to collect basic environmental data. The management of integrated water resources in a sustainable method is also necessary to allow future generations to meet their water needs. The main objective of this research is to assess the effect of the Diyala River on Tigris River water quality using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. Water samples have been collected monthly from November 2017 to April 2018 from four selected locations in Tigris and Diyala Rivers using the grab sampling method. Fourteen parameters were studied which are Turbidity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Sodium, and Total Alkalinity. The results of GIS maps showed that the water quality of the Tigris River nearly affected by the water quality of the Diyala River within the locations selected. The maps also reveal that in March and April 2018 the quality of surface water got a sudden peak compared with the other months. This is due to the increase in both the parameter of Turbidity and Total Dissolved Solids.  

Pretreatment of Produced Waters Containing High Total Dissolved Solids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damir Kaishentayev ◽  
Berna Hascakir
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Permian Basin ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Fracture Conductivity ◽  
Produced Waters

Abstract There are mainly two types of solids in the oil field waters; Suspended Solids (SS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). While it is easy to remove SS from water, removal of TDS requires the application of advance filtration techniques such as reverse osmosis or ultra-filtration. Because these techniques cannot handle high volumes of the oilfield waters with high TDS content, produced waters originated from hydraulic fracturing activities cannot be treated by using these advance technologies. Thus, in this study we concentrated on the pretreatment of these waters. We investigated the feasibility of the Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation (CFS) process as pretreatment method to reduce mainly SS in Produced Water (PW) samples. We collected samples from 14 different wells in the Permian Basin. First, we characterized the water samples in terms of pH, SS, TDS, Zeta potential (ZP), Turbidity, Organic matter presence and different Ion concentration. We tested varying doses of several organic and inorganic chemicals, and on treated water samples we measured pH, TDS, SS, Turbidity, ZP and Ions. Then, we compared obtained results with the initial PW characterizations to determine the best performing chemicals and their optimal dosage (OD) to remove contaminants effectively. The cation and anion analyses on the initial water samples showed that TDS is mainly caused by the dissolved sodium and chlorine ions. ZP results indicated that SS are mainly negatively charged particles with absolute values around 20 mV on average. Among the tested coagulants, the best SS reduction was achieved through the addition of ferric sulfate, which helped to reduce the SS around 86%. To further lessen SS, we tested several organic flocculants in which the reduction was improved slightly more. We concluded while high TDS in the Permian basin does not implement a substantial risk for the reduction of fracture conductivity, SS is posing a high risk. Our study showed, depending on components of the initial PW, reuse of the pretreated water for fracturing may minimize fracture conductivity damage.

Predictors of Relative Fish Biomass in Lakes and Reservoirs of Argentina

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 928-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolando Quiros
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Fish Biomass ◽  
Total Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Lakes And Reservoirs

Relationships between total fish biomass and chlorophyll, nutrient levels, and morphometric and climatic factors are shown for a set of 106 Argentinian lakes and reservoirs. The total data base is highly heterogeneous. Relative fish biomass (CPUE) was estimated from gill net catches. A data screening process was applied to the environmental data base to homogenize it. Nutrient, total organic matter content, and mean depth were most important in explaining relative fish biomass variability between lakes and reservoirs. In most heterogeneous sets total organic nitrogen (TON) explained most of CPUE variability. After screening for limnological anomalies (i.e. turbidity derived from inorganic sources, unsuitable conditions for fish, and TN/TP (total nitrogen/total phosphorus) < 37 (molar basis)), TP and TON were highly correlated with CPUE. Mean annual air temperature was significantly related to fish biomass, but the relationship was not significant after nutrients, morphometry, and environmental oxygen conditions had been accounted for. Several possible causes are discussed. The results support the hypothesis that fish/phytoplankton, and fish/zooplankton biomass ratios are inversely related to lake trophy.

scholarly journals Initial water repellency affected organic matter depletion rates of manure amended soils in Sri Lanka

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A.L. Leelamanie
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Microbial Decomposition

Abstract The wetting rate of soil is a measure of water repellency, which is a property of soils that prevents water from wetting or penetrating into dry soil. The objective of the present research was to examine the initial water repellency of organic manure amended soil, and its relation to the soil organic matter (SOM) depletion rates in the laboratory. Soil collected from the Wilpita natural forest, Sri Lanka, was mixed with organic manure to prepare soil samples with 0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% organic manure contents. Locally available cattle manure (CM), goat manure (GM), and Casuarina equisetifolia leaves (CE) were used as the organic manure amendments. Organic matter content of soils was measured in 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days intervals under the laboratory conditions with 74±5% relative humidity at 28±1°C. Initial water repellency of soil samples was measured as the wetting rates using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test. Initial water repellency increased with increasing SOM content showing higher increasing rate for hydrophobic CE amended samples compared with those amended with CM and GM. The relation between water repellency and SOM content was considered to be governed by the original hydrophobicities of added manures. The SOM contents of all the soil samples decreased with the time to reach almost steady level at about 30 d. The initial SOM depletion rates were negatively related with the initial water repellency. However, all the CE amended samples initially showed prominent low SOM depletion rates, which were not significantly differed with the amended manure content or the difference in initial water repellency. It is explicable that the original hydrophobicity of the manure as well has a potentially important effect on initiation of SOM decomposition. In contrast, the overall SOM depletion rate can be attributed to the initial water repellency of the manure amended sample, however, not to the original hydrophobicity of the amended manure. Hydrophobic protection may prevent rapid microbial decomposition of SOM and it is conceivable that hydrophobic substances in appropriate composition may reduce organic matter mineralization in soil. These results suggest the contribution of hydrophobic organic substances in bioresistance of SOM and their long-term accumulation in soils

POSSIBLE ROLE OF BIOGENIC CRUSTS IN PLANT SUCCESSION ON THE SHARON SAND DUNES, ISRAEL

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pua Kutiel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Plant Succession

Sand dunes in the coastal plain are subjected to stabilization processes due to the increase of vegetation cover of both vascular and non-vascular plants (e.g., mosses, lichens, fungi, and cyanobacteria). The non-vascular plants form intimate associations with surface soils known as biogenic crusts. These crusts play a major role in pedologic and overland geomorphic processes. The spatial distribution of biogenic crusts on semi-stabilized and stabilized sand dunes of the Sharon coastal plain, and their effect on organic matter content and water regime in the soil, were analyzed. Results indicated that a small and discontinuous area of the semi-stabilized sand dunes was covered by biogenic crusts. This crust was mainly composed of mosses and was concentrated beneath shrubs. Nevertheless, 88% of the stabilized sand dunes were covered with biogenic crusts composed mainly of cyanobacteria. The levels of organic matter and the water content in the upper soil layer (0–2 cm) of the crusted sand were significantly higher than levels in the uncrusted sand. The water regime in the upper soil layer covered with mosses was higher than that covered by cyanobacteria crust. The water regime in the soil determined by the biogenic crust may play an important role in the vascular plant succession of the sand dunes.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF YAMUNA RIVER AT GOKUL BARRAGE, MATHURA (UP) INDIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
AJAY KUMAR RAJAWAT ◽  
PRAVEEN KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Chemical Condition ◽  
Yamuna River ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Almost All

An attempt has been made to study the Physico-chemical condition of water of Yamuna River at Gokul Barrage, Mathura, (UP). The time period of study was July 2015 to June 2016. Three water samples were selected from different sites in each month for study. The parameters studied were Temperature, Turbidity, pH, DO, BOD, COD, Total Dissolved Solids and Suspended Solids. Almost all the parameters were found above the tolerance limit.

HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSHNEVOLOTSKY RESERVOIR

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
O. A. Lipatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Heavy Metal Speciation ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Manganese Hydroxides

The study of heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments of the Vyshnevolotsky water reservoir is presented in this paper. Sequential selective procedure was used to determine the heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments and thermodynamic calculation — to determine ones in interstitial water. It has been shown that Mn are mainly presented in exchangeable and carbonate forms; for Fe, Zn, Pb и Co the forms are related to iron and manganese hydroxides is played an important role; and Cu and Ni are mainly associated with organic matter. In interstitial waters the main forms of heavy metal speciation are free ions for Zn, Ni, Co and Cd, carbonate complexes for Pb, fulvate complexes for Cu. Effects of particle size and organic matter content in sediments on distribution of mobile and potentially mobile forms of toxic elements have been revealed.

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