Fiber Optics Application for Downhole Monitoring and Wellbore Surveillance; SAGD Monitoring, Flow Regime Determination and Flow Loop Design

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Soroush ◽  
Mohammad Mohammadtabar ◽  
Morteza Roostaei ◽  
Seyed Abolhassan Hosseini ◽  
Vahidoddin Fattahpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Loop Design ◽  
Downhole Monitoring

Unique Fall Off Signatures for Stage Fracture Characterization, Actual Field Cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Farid Ibrahim ◽  
Mazher Ibrahim ◽  
Matt Sinkey ◽  
Thomas Johnston ◽  
Wes Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
In Situ Stress ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Finite Conductivity ◽  
Well Performance ◽  
Fracture Geometry ◽  
Fracture Conductivity ◽  
Diagnostic Plots

Abstract Multistage hydraulic fracturing is the common stimulation technique for shale formations. The treatment design, formation in-situ stress, and reservoir heterogeneity govern the fracture network propagation. Different techniques have been used to evaluate the fracture geometry and the completion efficiency including Chemical Tracers, Microseismic, Fiber Optics, and Production Logs. Most of these methods are post-fracture as well as time and cost intensive processes. The current study presents the use of fall-off data during and after stage fracturing to characterize producing surface area, permeability, and fracture conductivity. Shut-in data (15-30 minutes) was collected after each stage was completed. The fall-off data was processed first to remove the noise and water hammer effects. Log-Log derivative diagnostic plots were used to define the flow regime and the data were then matched with an analytical model to calculate producing surface area, permeability, and fracture conductivity. Diagnostic plots showed a unique signature of flow regimes. A long period of a spherical flow regime with negative half-slope was observed as an indication for limited entry flow either vertically or horizontally. A positive half-slope derivative represents a linear flow regime in an infinitely conductive tensile fracture. The quarter-slope derivative was observed in a bilinear flow regime that represents a finite conductivity fracture system. An extended radial flow regime was observed with zero slope derivative which represents a highly shear fractured network around the wellbore. For a long fall-off period, formation recharge may appear with a slope between unit and 1.5 slopes derivative, especially in over-pressured dry gas reservoirs. Analyzing fall-off data after stages are completed provides a free and real-time investigation method to estimate the fracture geometry and a measure of completion efficiency. Knowing the stage properties allows the reservoir engineer to build a simulation model to forecast the well performance and improve the well spacing.

scholarly journals Cuttings Transport In Horizontal And Highly Deviated Wellbores

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Piroozian ◽  
Issham Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Cuttings Transport ◽  
Drill Cuttings ◽  
Hole Cleaning ◽  
Positive Effect

Lencongan dari laluan tegak menyebabkan rincisan gerudi berkumpul pada bahagian bawah lubang telaga sehingga terbentuknya lapisan rincisan. Akibatnya, berlaku beberapa permasalahan operasi ketika berlangsungnya penggerudian. Daya seret dan kilas yang melampau, kesukaran yang dialami ketika penyorongan rentetan selongsong ke dalam lubang telaga, kesukaran untuk memperoleh operasi penyimenan yang baik, dan lekatan mekanikal paip gerudi adalah antara beberapa contoh lazim yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan terbabit. Sehubungan itu, pemahaman yang baik tentang parameter utama operasi yang mempengaruhi pembersihan lubang telaga adalah penting. Artikel ini mengetengahkan keputusan daripada kajian makmal yang telah dilaksanakan untuk menilai keberkesanan tiga jenis bendalir gerudi dalam menyingkir rincisan gerudi. Kajian makmal melibatkan penggunaan gelung legap aliran sepanjang 17 kaki dengan diameter 2 inci sebagai bahagian ujian. Bagi setiap uji kaji, prestasi pengangkutan rincisan (CTP - Cuttings Transport Performance) ditentukan menerusi pengukuran berat. Keputusan uji kaji dianalisis untuk memperoleh kesan menyeluruh ketiga-tiga parameter operasi, iaitu kelikatan bendalir gerudi, halaju bendalir, dan kecondongan lubang telaga. Kajian terkini membuktikan bahawa penggunaan bendalir gerudi berkelikatan tinggi berupaya meningkatkan CTP jika regim aliran adalah gelora. Walau bagaimanapun, peningkatan kelikatan dalam regim aliran peralihan atau laminar masing-masing mengurangkan CTP secara beransur atau mendadak. Kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa peningkatan sudut kecondongan dari 60° ke 90° memberikan kesan yang positif terhadap CTP. Parameter operasi yang memberikan kesan yang ketara dalam kajian ini ialah halaju aliran, dengan peningkatan kecil yang dialami oleh halaju aliran berjaya memberikan kesan positif yang nyata dalam pembersihan lubang telaga. Kata kunci: Kecekapan penyingkiran rincisan; prestasi pengangkutan rincisan; rincisan gerudi; bendalir gerudi; pembersihan lubang telaga Deviation from vertical path makes drill cuttings to accumulate on the lower side of the wellbore that induces the formation of cuttings bed. Subsequently, relative problems occur while drilling. Excessive torque and drag, difficulties in running casing in hole and accomplishing good cementing jobs and mechanical pipe sticking are few of the classical examples of such problems. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of influential parameters on hole cleaning seems to be essential. This paper presents results of an experimental study that was carried out to evaluate cuttings removal efficiency of three types of drilling fluid. Experiments were conducted using a 17 feet long opaque flow loop of 2 inch diameter as test section. For each test, the amount of cuttings transport performance (CTP) was determined from weight measurements. Three operating parameters were considered, namely drilling fluid viscosity, fluid velocity, and hole inclination. It showed that the use of high-viscosity drilling fluid improved CTP if the flow regime was turbulent. However, increasing viscosity when flow regime was transient or laminar flow lessened CTP gradually or sharply respectively. It was also revealed that an incremental increase in hole inclination from 60° to 90° has a positive effect on CTP. The most influential parameter in this study was fluid velocity in which a small raise of fluid velocity resulted in a substantial positive effect on hole cleaning. Key words: Cuttings removal efficiency; cuttings transport performance; drill cuttings; drilling fluid; hole cleaning

Effect of Polymer Fluid Viscoelastic Properties on the Initiation of Transition From Laminar to Turbulent Flow Regime and the Drag Reduction in the Flow Through Horizontal Pipe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Meric Hirpa ◽  
Ergun Kuru
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Drag Reduction ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Horizontal Pipe ◽  
Fluid Elasticity ◽  
Turbulent Flow Regime

Abstract This study investigated the flow of viscoelastic fluids through horizontal pipeline mainly focusing on the effect of fluid elasticity on drag reduction and onset of transition to turbulent flow regime. In order to be able to see the sole effect of fluid elasticity (independent from shear viscosity), three non-Newtonian fluids having the same shear viscosity but different viscoelastic properties were tested in the horizontal flow loop. Those fluids were the dilute solutions of partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and they were prepared by using three polymer grades of HPAM (i.e. 5 × 105, 8 × 106, 20 × 106 g/gmol) in different compositions. Experiments have shown that increasing fluid elasticity resulted in higher drag reduction in pipe flow. Moreover, fluid elasticity affected the onset of turbulent flow and an earlier transition to turbulent flow regime (as compared to water flow) was only observed for the flow of fluid having the highest elastic properties. So, understanding effects of fluid elasticity on flow dynamics might improve the performance of fluids engineered for hole cleaning/cuttings transport in oil and gas well drilling or proppant transport in hydraulic fracturing operations. Also, field efforts to find solutions to problems caused by excessive dynamic pressure losses encountered in drilling horizontal or extended reach wells or in transporting hydrocarbons through pipeline might benefit from the findings of this or further extended research on this subject.

Horizontal-Steam-Injection-Flow Profiling Using Fiber Optics

SPE Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 431-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.. Shirdel ◽  
R. S. Buell ◽  
M. J. Wells ◽  
C.. Muharam ◽  
J. C. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Conformance Control ◽  
Well Completion ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Optic Systems

Summary Steam-conformance control in horizontal injectors is important for efficient reservoir-heat management in heavy-oil fields. Suboptimal conformance and nonuniform heating of the reservoir can substantially affect the economics of the field development and oil-production response and result in nonuniform steam breakthrough. To achieve the required control, it is essential to have an appropriate well-completion architecture and robust surveillance. Five fiber-optic systems, each with a unique steam-conformance-control-completion configuration, have been installed in two horizontal steam injectors to help mature steam-injection-flow profiling and conformance-control solutions. These fiber-optic systems have used custom-designed fiber-optic bundles of multimode and single-mode fibers for distributed-temperature sensing (DTS) and distributed-acoustic sensing (DAS), respectively. Fiber-optic systems were also installed in a steam-injection-test-flow loop. All the optical fibers successfully acquired data in the wells and flow loop, measuring temperature and acoustic energy. A portfolio of algorithms and signal-processing techniques was developed to interpret the DTS and DAS data for quantitative steam-injection-flow profiling. The heavily instrumented flow-loop environment was used to characterize DTS and DAS response in a design-of-experiment (DOE) matrix to improve the flow-profiling algorithms. These algorithms are dependent on independent physical principles derived from multiphase flow, thermal hydraulic models, acoustic effects, large-data-array processing, and combinations of these methods for both transient and steady-state steam flow. A high-confidence flow profile is computed using the convergence of the algorithms. The flow-profiling-algorithm results were further validated using 11 short-offset injector observation wells wells in the reservoir that confirmed steam movement near the injectors.

Bench Scale Experimental Study of Slug Flow Phenomena Using PID Control

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Schmidt ◽  
Derek W. Staal ◽  
Jeffery W. McClung ◽  
Mark V. Behl ◽  
Mayank Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Slug Flow ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Bench Scale

Offshore petroleum production operations pose a unique set of challenges. A common undesirable phenomenon that occurs in these multiphase flow systems is known as slug flow. Slug flow is an oscillatory flow regime that creates large bullet shaped bubbles (also known as Taylor Bubbles) followed by large slugs of liquid. This high-rate alternation of liquid and gas production volumes in the surface facilities causes severe pressure oscillations. These oscillations adversely affect the structural health and individual components. A bench-scale closed flow loop was built with capabilities of measuring pressure and flow rates at different relevant sections. PID control strategy to mitigate the harmful effects of slug flow regime showed promise, although the tests were performed in the low pressure conditions of bench scale setup. The sensors and valve were programmed with MATLAB® to provide real time analysis, and a PID controller was utilized to adjust the back pressure. Initial experimental data and visual observation provided better understanding of slug flow regime and some quantitative data was obtained through image processing. Theoretical estimates of Taylor bubble velocities were found to be in agreement with presented observations. Further experiments are being carried out to gather data and showcase this model to develop better multiphase flow control strategies.

scholarly journals Flow Regime, Slug Frequency and Wavelet Analysis of Air/Newtonian and Air/non-Newtonian Two-Phase Flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3272
Author(s):  
Munzarin Morshed ◽  
Muhammad Saad Khan ◽  
Mohammad Azizur Rahman ◽  
Syed Imtiaz
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Frequency Model

This study focused on gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase horizontal fluid flow behavior by analyzing their flow regime identification and flow structural analysis on a horizontal flow loop apparatus. This involved the recognition of two-phase flow regimes for this flow loop and validation with existing flow maps in the literature. In addition, the study included flow pattern identification via wavelet analysis for gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase fluid flow in a horizontal flow loop apparatus. Furthermore, the study was extended to the detailed examination of slug frequency in the presence of air/Newtonian and air/non-Newtonian fluid flow, and the predicted slug frequency model was applied to the studied systems. The obtained results suggest that the flow regime maps and slug frequency analysis have a significant impact. The obtained pressure sensor results indicate that the experimental setup could not provide high-frequency and high-resolution data; nevertheless, wavelet decomposition and wavelet norm entropy were calculated. It offered recognizable flow characteristics for bubble, bubble-elongated bubble, and slug flow patterns. Therefore, this study can provide deep insight into intricate multiphase flow patterns, and the wavelet could potentially be applied for flow analysis in oil and gas pipelines.

scholarly journals A MULTIPHASE FLOW LOOP DESIGN FOR INVESTIGATING THE PARTIAL PHASE SEPARATION IN A PIPE TEE

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-410
Author(s):  
Ahmed Saieed ◽  
Zeeshan Qadir Memon ◽  
Minh Cong Tran ◽  
William Pao King Soon
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Partial Phase ◽  
Loop Design ◽  
Good Agreement

This article presents a design and commissioning of a multiphase flow loop, which was developed for scrutinizing the partial phase separation characteristics of pipe Tees. Its length is 9m and its primary diameter is 0.078m (3 inches). For the ease of modification, its design was kept modular, so that it could be used for testing various other pipe profiles. To validate this flow loop, the separation of a stratified-wavy flow was tested in a regular diameter ratio pipe Tee, and the gathered results were compared with previously published data. A good agreement was observed between the two data sources, which suggests that this flow loop is suitable for a further experimentation.

Application of Machine Learning Classification Algorithms for Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Regime Identification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik Manikonda ◽  
Abu Rashid Hasan ◽  
Chinemerem Edmond Obi ◽  
Raka Islam ◽  
Ahmad Khalaf Sleiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Well Control ◽  
Flow Regime Identification

Abstract This research aims to identify the best machine learning (ML) classification techniques for classifying the flow regimes in vertical gas-liquid two-phase flow. Two-phase flow regime identification is crucial for many operations in the oil and gas industry. Processes such as flow assurance, well control, and production rely heavily on accurate identification of flow regimes for their respective systems' smooth functioning. The primary motivation for the proposed ML classification algorithm selection processes was drilling and well control applications in Deepwater wells. The process started with vertical two-phase flow data collection from literature and two different flow loops. One, a 140 ft. tall vertical flow loop with a centralized inner metal pipe and a larger outer acrylic pipe. Second, an 18-ft long flow loop, also with a centralized, inner metal drill pipe. After extensive experimental and historical data collection, supervised and unsupervised ML classification models such as Multi-class Support vector machine (MCSVM), K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier (KNN), K-means clustering, and hierarchical clustering were fit on the datasets to separate the different flow regions. The next step was fine-tuning the models' parameters and kernels. The last step was to compare the different combinations of models and refining techniques for the best prediction accuracy and the least variance. Among the different models and combinations with refining techniques, the 5- fold cross-validated KNN algorithm, with 37 neighbors, gave the optimal solution with a 98% classification accuracy on the test data. The KNN model distinguished five major, distinct flow regions for the dataset and a few minor regions. These five regions were bubbly flow, slug flow, churn flow, annular flow, and intermittent flow. The KNN-generated flow regime maps matched well with those presented by Hasan and Kabir (2018). The MCSVM model produced visually similar flow maps to KNN but significantly underperformed them in prediction accuracy. The MCSVM training errors ranged between 50% - 60% at normal parameter values and costs but went up to 99% at abnormally high values. However, their prediction accuracy was below 50% even at these highly overfitted conditions. In unsupervised models, both clustering techniques pointed to an optimal cluster number between 10 and 15, consistent with the 14 we have in the dataset. Within the context of gas kicks and well control, a well-trained, reliable two-phase flow region classification algorithm offers many advantages. When trained with well-specific data, it can act as a black box for flow regime identification and subsequent well-control measure decisions for the well. Further advancements with more robust statistical training techniques can render these algorithms as a basis for well-control measures in drilling automation software. On a broader scale, these classification techniques have many applications in flow assurance, production, and any other area with gas-liquid two-phase flow.

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