The Impact of Organic Acid on Scale Inhibitor/Corrosion Inhibitor Interaction, a Case Study from West Africa

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Spicka ◽  
Clare Jennifer Johnston ◽  
Myles Martin Jordan ◽  
Lisa Nguyen ◽  
Sandra Linares-Samaniego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Scale Inhibitor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Inhibitor Interaction

Pre-Treatment Experimental Study of Organic Acid: An Alternative Means to Overcome Inorganic Scale Build-Up Problem in Deep Well

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bagus Muliadi Nasution ◽  
Andrew Yonathan ◽  
Muthi Abdillah ◽  
Wang Zhen
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Corrosion Test ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Scale Inhibitor ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Organic acid has been widely applied for inorganic scale treatment in oil and gas industry including well stimulation and scale inhibitor. Thanks to its low corrosivity and slower reaction rate with rock, organic acid is considered to offer better performance comparing to strong acid - Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). Yet, proper treatment requires vigorous analysis and experiment in order to meet foremost expectations. Besides, mistreatment of scale could result in formation damage including clay precipitation. Pre-treatment experiments were performed on Zelda field at South East Sumatera block, that has faced with scale problem for ages. Water sample was taken from flowing Zelda A-08 well to be analyzed for mineral's saturation level. Scale was extracted from three sources including tubing, sand bailer, and Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) of Zelda A-08. Those scale were treated in X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) for mineral composition, and solubility test that utilized two types of acid system - formic acid (HCOOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) for comparison. Anti-swelling test and corrosion test were performed to examine the effectiveness of clay stabilizer and corrosion inhibitor. As for carbonate analysis, both formic acid 9% and HCl 15% have comparable solubility (98.17% vs 98% for tubing's scale, 91.86% vs 82.79% for ESP's scale, and 70.30% vs 68.07% for sand bailer's scale). Yet, longer reaction is carried out by formic acid 9% (1 hour) comparing to HCl 15% (18 minutes). For silicate analysis, HF-formic acid provided the higher solubility than HF-HCl (8.34% vs 5.67% for ESP's scale and 30.48% vs 25.68% for sand bailer's scale). On anti-swelling test, by reducing swelling tendency up to 62.6%, it proves that examined clay stabilizer works perfectly against swelling potential of clay, despite of high swelling tendency of sand bailer's scale (25.8%). On corrosion test, adding on corrosion inhibitor (pyridine-based) into solution results in regular HCl 15% has corrosion rate 26.279 g/m2.h which is much higher (300%) than HF-HCl (7.977 g/m2.h) and HF-formic acid (8.229 g/m2.h). Based on pre-treatment test, formic acid 9% together with examined corrosion inhibitor and clay stabilizer, can be used as an alternative to regular HCl 15% for stimulation purpose where more areas will be covered that previously left unreachable by regular acid 15%. In addition, potentially more effective squeezed scale inhibitor using organic acid can also be achieved by performing further experiments. The method presented in this paper for pre-treatment experimental studies of organic acid can provide engineers with intensive guide to meet the best result of organic acid treatment.

scholarly journals Spreading of SARS-CoV-2 in West Africa and assessment of risk factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Tinto ◽  
S. Salinas ◽  
A. Dicko ◽  
T. S. Kagone ◽  
I. Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hospital Equipment

Abstract Although the African continent is, for the moment, less impacted than the rest of the world, it still faces the risk of a spread of COVID-19. In this study, we have conducted a systematic review of the information available in the literature in order to provide an overview of the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 pandemic in West Africa and of the impact of risk factors such as comorbidities, climatic conditions and demography on the pandemic. Burkina Faso is used as a case study to better describe the situation in West Africa. The epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in West Africa is marked by a continuous increase in the numbers of confirmed cases. This geographic area had on 29 July 2020, 131 049 confirmed cases by polymerase chain reaction, 88 305 recoveries and 2102 deaths. Several factors may influence the SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Africa: (i) comorbidities: diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure could lead to an increase in the number of severe cases of SARS-CoV-2; (ii) climatic factors: the high temperatures could be a factor contributing to slow the spread of the virus and (iii) demography: the West Africa population is very young and this could be a factor limiting the occurrence of severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in West Africa is relatively slow compared to European countries, vigilance must remain. Difficulties in access to diagnostic tests, lack of hospital equipment, but also the large number of people working in the informal sector (such as trading, businesses, transport and restoration) makes it difficult to apply preventive measures, namely physical distancing and containment.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AMONGST RESIDENTS OF CALABAR METROPOLIS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA. WEST AFRICA; A CASE STUDY OF CALABAR GARMENT FACTORY

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Bright Ewona ◽  
Asuquo Bassey ◽  
Andy Ugumanim ◽  
Mercy Ukpong ◽  
Dorathy Ikwen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Garment Factory ◽  
Environmental Induction ◽  
The Impact

This research paper was geared toward unraveling the impact of environmental health on sustainable development amongst residents of Calabar metropolis in Cross River State, Nigeria, West Africa. In pursuant of this objective, three research questions were raised to guide the study- To what extent does environmental induction course influence sustainable development among residents of Calabar metropolis? does environmental wastes recycling affect sustainable development among residence of Calabar metropolis? and to what extend does environmental conservation influence sustainable development among residents of Calabar metropolis. A sample size of 200 respondents was considered for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a 20 - items questionnaire which was validated by research experts on health discipline. Split half reliability estimate was implored to ascertain the reliability of the instrument while simple percentage was used to analyze the data collected. From the results of our findings, possible recommendations were made to ensure sustainability of our environmental resources to enhance sustainable development.

“The White Wife Problem:” Sex, Race and the Contested Politics of Repatriation to Interwar British West Africa

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina E. Ray
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
White Women ◽  
Interracial Marriage ◽  
West African ◽  
Interracial Couples ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Race Riots ◽  
Legal Difficulties ◽  
The Impact

This essay explores the difficulties faced by interracial couples - primarily West African men and British or German women - in gaining acceptance in society in the interwar years in Britain and West Africa. It considers the impact of the 1919 race riots in Britain during the postwar economic downturn that left maritime, immigrant, and working class communities particularly impoverished and led to a surge in racism and backlash against non-British labourers. West African men were accused of ‘stealing’ both jobs and women, and white women accused of betraying their nation through interracial marriage. This hostility led to efforts at repatriation to West Africa, which colonial governments would often prevent through legislation. The second half of this essay is a case study of West African husbands and German wives, who caused tremendous legal difficulties to governments looking to cease repatriation. The case studies demonstrate that notions of sex, gender, class, nationality, and religion informed colonial policies that heavily impacted the migration efforts of interracial couples.

scholarly journals EMERGENCE OF ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE APPROACH IN WEST AFRICA: CASE OF A TELCO IN BURKINA FASO

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-400
Author(s):  
Dr. Honoré Ouédraogo ◽  
Dr. Théophile Bindeouè Nassè
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Intelligence Approach

This paper focuses on the relationship between economic intelligence (EI, understood in the informational sense of the term, Martre (1994) and performance. It raises the question of the impact of the deployment of EI on improving the company’s results. Our theoretical approach is based on the corpus of management of the EI system, which is a dedicated IS. The epistemological positioning is of the constructivist type and the methodological approach, of the qualitative type. As for our approach, it is based on an exploration based on a case study in the mobile phone sector investigated in 2018 in BurkinaFaso, especially in the city of Ouagadougou. Our results showthat steering the dynamics of EI improves the performance of the organization in the terms of achieving pre-established objectives. This case study addresses its own limits and it may be subject to some extensions in the future.

Colonial Policy, Chieftaincy and Land Politics in Ghana: The Case Study of Gyaman

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
Kwame ADUM–KYEREMEH ◽  
Joseph Kwadwo AGYEMAN
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Land Politics ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Impact

The partition of Africa in the late nineteenth century destabilized some societies in Africa. In West Africa, the imaginary territorial boundaries divided the Nzema between Ivory Coast and Ghana, the Dagaaba between Burkina Faso and Ghana, and the Ewe between Togo and Ghana. The partition exercise also caused protracted disputes and neglect of existing ethnic groupings. Using information from oral, archival and secondary sources, this article examines the impact of the partition of Africa on Gyaman, a traditional ethnic setting in modern Ghana in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The paper blames current Gyaman problems on the Partition exercise.

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