Late Maastrichtian and K/T paleoenvironment of the eastern Tethys (Israel): mineralogy, trace and platinum group elements, biostratigraphy and faunal turnovers

2005 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Adatte ◽  
Gerta Keller ◽  
Doris Stüben ◽  
Markus Harting ◽  
Utz Kramar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Planktic Foraminifera ◽  
Volcanic Origin ◽  
Arc Volcanism ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Biotic Effects ◽  
Clay Layers

Abstract The late Maastrichtian to early Danian at Mishor Rotem, Israel, was examined based on geochemistry, bulk rock and clay mineralogies, biostratigraphy and lithology. This section contains four red clay layers of suspect impact or volcanic origin interbedded in chalk and marly chalks. PGE anomalies indicate that only the K/T boundary red layer has an Ir dominated PGE anomaly indicative of an impact source. The late Maastrichtian red clays have Pd dominated PGE anomalies which coincide with increased trace elements of terrigenous and volcanogenic origins. Deccan or Syrian-Turkey arc volcanism is the likely source of volcanism in these clay layers. Glauconite, goethite and translucent amber spherules are present in the clay layers, but the Si-rich spherules reported by Rosenfeld et al. [l989] could not be confirmed. The absence of Cheto smectite indicates that no altered impact glass has been present. The red layers represent condensed sedimentation on topographic highs during sea level highstands. In the Negev area, during the late Maastrichtian, the climate ranged from seasonally wet to more arid conditions during zones CF3 and CF2, with more humid wet conditions in the latest Maastrichtian zone CF1 and in the early Danian, probably linked to greenhouse conditions. Planktic foraminifera experienced relatively high stress conditions during this time as indicated by the low species richness and low abundance of globotruncanids. Times of intensified stress are indicated by the disaster opportunist Guembelitria blooms, which can be correlated to central Egypt and also to Indian Ocean localities associated with mantle plume volcanism. Marine plankton thus support the mineralogical and geochemical observations of volcanic influx and reveal the detrimental biotic effects of intense volcanism.

scholarly journals Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Andrew Hurst ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
Antonio Grippa ◽  
Lyudmyla Wilson ◽  
Giuseppe Palladino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Arc Volcanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Tropical Weathering

Mudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralogy (excluding carbonate cemented and highly bio siliceous samples) and 70% to 98% of the <2 μm clay fraction. Opal CT and less so cristobalite concentrations cause the main deviations from smectite dominance. Opal A is common only in the Upper Kreyenhagen. In the <2 μm fraction, the Moreno Fm is significantly more smectite-rich than the Kreyenhagen Fm. Smectite in the Moreno Fm was derived from the alteration of volcaniclastic debris from contemporaneous rhyolitic-dacitic magmatic arc volcanism. No tuff is preserved. Smectite in the Kreyenhagen Fm was derived from intense sub-tropical weathering of granitoid-dioritic terrane during the hypothermal period in the early to mid-Eocene; the derivation from local volcanism is unlikely. All samples had chemical indices of alteration (CIA) indicative of intense weathering of source terrane. Ferriferous enrichment and the occurrence of locally common kaolinite are contributory evidence for the intensity of weathering. Low concentration (max. 7.5%) of clinoptilolite in the Lower Kreyenhagen is possibly indicative of more open marine conditions than in the Upper Kreyenhagen. There is no evidence of volumetrically significant silicate diagenesis. The main diagenetic mineralisation is restricted to low-temperature silica phase transitions.

Metabentonite geochemistry: magmatic cycles and graptolite extinctions at Dob's Linn, southern Scotland

1988 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Batchelor ◽  
J. A. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Volcanic Origin ◽  
Intermediate Composition ◽  
Ash Composition ◽  
Mineralogical Study ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

ABSTRACTThe Moffat Shale Group is a condensed, variable and partly pelagic sequence of mudrocks of Llandeilo—Llandovery age. The sequence has a five-fold lithological subdivision based mainly on the occurrence of grey mudstones within a succession otherwise dominated by fully euxinic black graptolitic mudrocks. Associated with the black mudrocks, especially in the Llandovery, are metabentonite beds which achieve a climax, both in thickness and in number, within the top quarter of the mudrock sequence. A geochemical and mineralogical study has confirmed a volcanic origin for the metabentonites. Major element data highlight a carbonate-dominated environment above the gregarius—convolutus Zones boundary. Phosphorus levels reach a peak at the same boundary, as well as at the Caradoc—Ashgill boundary where phosphorite horizons are known from Wales and Norway. Immobile trace elements have highlighted regular changes in source magma composition. Prolonged periods of crystal fractionation in magmas of intermediate composition gave rise, on eruption, to large volumes of silicic ash which had a deleterious effect on graptolite species and led to local extinctions. Regular fluctuations in ash composition from silicic to intermediate are ascribed to alternating fractionation and magma mixing cycles.

The use of a halophytic plant species and organic amendments for the remediation of a trace elements-contaminated soil under semi-arid conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 223-224 ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Clemente ◽  
David J. Walker ◽  
Tania Pardo ◽  
Domingo Martínez-Fernández ◽  
M. Pilar Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Halophytic Plant ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Trace Element Distributions in the Zn-Pb (Mississippi Valley-Type) and Cu-Ag (Kupferschiefer) Sediment-Hosted Deposits in Poland

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Stanisław Z. Mikulski ◽  
Sławomir Oszczepalski ◽  
Katarzyna Sadłowska ◽  
Andrzej Chmielewski ◽  
Rafał Małek
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
Ore Processing ◽  
Mississippi Valley Type ◽  
Valley Type

We applied geochemical (ICP-MS, WD-XRF, GFAAS, and AMA 254) and mineralogical (EPMA) studies of 137 samples to ore mineralization from Middle-Triassic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb (Mississippi Valley-type MVT) and Lower Zechstein sediment-hosted stratiform (SSC) Cu-Ag (Kupferschiefer-type) deposits in Poland. They contain a number of trace elements which are not recovered during the ore processing. Only Cu, Ag, Pb, Ni, Re, Se, Au, and PGE are extracted from Cu-Ag deposits while Zn and Pb are the only elements produced from Zn-Pb deposits. Zn-Pb deposits contain Cd, Ag, Ga, and Ba in slightly elevated concentrations and have potential to be mineral resources. This applies to a lesser extent to other trace elements (Bi, As, Hf, Tl, Sb, Se, and Re). However, only Cd and Ag show high enrichment factors indicative of potential for recovery. The bulk-rock analyses reveal strong correlations between Zn and Cd and Se, As and Mo, and weaker correlations between Ag and Cd, as well as Ga and Zn. Electron microprobe analyses of sphalerite revealed high concentrations of Cd (≤2.6 wt%) and Ag (≤3300 ppm). Zn-Pb deposits have fairly significant estimated resources of Ga and Sc (>1000 tons) and Cd (>10,000 tons). The Cu-Ag deposits have element signatures characterized by high values of Co, V, Ni, and Mo and much lower of Bi, As, Cd, Hg, Mo, Sb, and Tl. Bulk-rock analyses show strong correlations between Se and V; As and Co; Bi and Re; and weaker correlations between, for example, Cu and Mo; V, Ni, Ag and Mo; and Ni, V, and Co and Ni. The EPMA determinations reveal strong enrichments of Ag in Cu sulfides (geerite ≤ 10.1 wt %, chalcocite ≤ 6.28 wt %, bornite ≤ 3.29 wt %, djurleite ≤ 9080 ppm, yarrowite ≤ 6614 ppm, and digenite ≤ 3545 ppm). Silver minerals and alloys, as well as the native Ag and Au, were recorded in the Cu-Ag ores. Large resources of Co, V, and Ni (>100,000 tons) and Sc and Mo (>10,000 tons) are notable in Cu-Ag deposits. A number of trace elements, classified as critical for the economy of the European Union, including Ga and Ba (to a lesser extent Hf, Nb, and Sc) in Zn-Pb deposits, and Co and V in the Cu-Ag deposits, may eventually be recovered in the future from the studied deposits if proper ore-processing circuits and increasing demand are favorable.

Mining-induced deformation in potash yield pillars, Vanscoy, Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Chen ◽  
W. C. Brisbin ◽  
B. Stimpson
Keyword(s):  
Shape Change ◽  
Progressive Failure ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Grain Boundary Sliding ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
Yield Pillar ◽  
Fabric Analysis ◽  
Yield Pillars ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Potash Mine

Mining-induced deformation of potash yield pillars in the Cominco potash mine at Vanscoy, Saskatchewan, has been documented by mapping deformational structures, determining changes in pillar width and in thicknesses of potash and interbedded clay layers, and analyses of rock fabrics in samples collected from three yield pillars. Pillar deformation over a period of 8 years can be shown to have involved progressive bulk rock flattening, followed by development of shear zones at pillar corners, development of shear wedges at pillar margins, and detachment of these wedges into adjacent rooms. Furthermore, this sequence appears to be repetitive. Strain in halite involves fracturing and displacement and rotation of fragments, strain in sylvite is continuous, and grain boundary sliding has been an important mechanism in the deformation. Although the fabric anisotropy cannot be used to assess total bulk rock strain, the component of strain related to sylvite shape change has been examined during progressive failure of the pillars. The values of strain in the principal strain directions based on sylvite shape are estimated as 42% shortening in the subvertical direction, 37% subhorizontal elongation perpendicular to the original openings, and 25% subhorizontal elongation parallel to the original openings. Key words : yield pillar, potash, fabric analysis, induced deformation.

Hornblende as a tool for assessing mineral-melt equilibrium and recognition of crystal accumulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Werts ◽  
Calvin G. Barnes ◽  
Valbone Memeti ◽  
Barbara Ratschbacher ◽  
Dustin Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Mixed Crystal ◽  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Intrusive Complex ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Compositional Variability ◽  
Crystal Accumulation ◽  
Glass Compositions

Abstract Bulk-rock compositions are commonly used as proxies for melt compositions, particularly in silicic plutonic systems. However, crystal accumulation and/or melt loss may play an important role in bulk-rock compositional variability (McCarthy and Hasty 1976; McCarthy and Groves 1979; Wiebe 1993; Wiebe et al. 2002; Collins et al. 2006; Deering and Bachmann 2010; Miller et al. 2011; Vernon and Collins 2011; Lee and Morton 2015; Lee et al. 2015; Barnes et al. 2016a; Schaen et al. 2018). Recognizing and quantifying the effects of crystal accumulation and melt loss in these silicic systems is challenging. Hornblende-melt Fe/Mg partitioning relationships and hornblende (Hbl) chemometry are used here to test for equilibrium with encompassing bulk-rock and/or glass compositions from several plutonic and volcanic systems. Furthermore, we assess the extent to which these tests can be appropriately applied to Hbl from plutonic systems by investigating whether Hbl from the long-lived (~10 Ma) Tuolumne Intrusive Complex preserves magmatic crystallization histories. On the basis of regular zoning patterns, co-variation of both fast- and slow-diffusing trace elements, Hbl thermometry, and compositional overlap with volcanic Hbl we conclude that Hbl from plutons largely preserve records supporting the preservation of a magmatic crystallization history, although many compositional analyses yield calculated temperatures &lt;750 °C, which is unusual in volcanic Hbl. Hornblende is only rarely in equilibrium with host plutonic bulk-rock compositions over a wide range of SiO2 contents (42–78 wt%). Hornblende chemometry indicates that the majority of Hbl from the plutonic systems investigated here is in equilibrium with melts that are typically more silicic (dacitic to rhyolitic in composition) than bulk-rock compositions. These results are consistent with crystal accumulation and/or loss of silicic melts within middle- to upper-crustal plutons. Although the processes by which melts are removed from these plutonic systems is uncertain, it is evident that these melts are either redistributed in the crust (e.g., leucogranite dikes, plutonic roofs, etc.) or are instead erupted. In contrast, Hbl from volcanic rocks is more commonly in equilibrium with bulk-rock and glass compositions. In most cases, where Hbl is out of equilibrium with its host glass, the glasses are more evolved than the calculated melts indicating crystallization from a less fractionated melt and/or mixed crystal populations. Where Hbl is not in equilibrium with volcanic bulk-rocks, the bulk-rock compositions are typically more mafic than the calculated melts. In some intermediate volcanic samples, the occurrence of wide-ranges of calculated melt compositions is indicative of magma mixing. The general absence of Hbl with temperatures &lt;750 °C from volcanic systems suggests that magmatic mushes below this temperature are unlikely to erupt. Our results indicate that bulk-rock compositions of granitic plutonic rocks only rarely approximate melt compositions and that the possibility of crystal accumulation and/or melt loss cannot be ignored. We suggest that detailed assessments of crystal accumulation and melt loss processes in magmatic systems are crucial to evaluating magma differentiation processes and discerning petrogenetic links between plutonic and volcanic systems.

scholarly journals Study of the adaptive capacity of CMS-lines of grain sorghum in the conditions of the Lower Volga region

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-67
Author(s):  
Oksana P. Kibalnik ◽  
Irina G. Efremova ◽  
Dmitriy S. Semin ◽  
Olga B. Kameneva ◽  
Viktoria I. Starchak
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Arid Conditions

Relevance. In the arid conditions of the lower Volga region, studies were conducted to identify different response rates of CMS lines of grain sorghum in order to use them in the selection of hybrids for resistance to abiotic stressors.Material and methods. The adaptive capacity of maternal forms was studied on the example of 12 CMS lines (obtained using sterility sources A1, A2, A3, A4, M-351A, 9E) at the experimental field of institute in 2014–2018. The plot area is 7.7 m2. The density of standing plants is 100 thousand plant/ha. Repeatability in the experience — three times. The calculation of adaptability indicators was carried out using the program for statistical processing of experimental data Agros 2.09.Results. It is established that the formation of a biomass productivity of sterile lines, the predominant influence of the interaction of genotype with year terms, which amounted to 58.2 per cent, while the factors of genotype and the year conditions contribute 31,0 and 10.8%, respectively. At the same time, the influence of the hydrothermal coefficient for the period of “germination-maturation” of sorghum on the productivity of biomass is confirmed by a positive linear relationship (y = 1,903x + 13.90). Among the studied forms, CMS lines A1 O-Yang 1 and A2 Tamara with a biomass yield of 10.33–14.08 t/ha are characterized by high stress resistance and average variability of the trait. Highyielding female forms A3 Feterita 14 and A1 Efremovskoe 2 (18.34–20.71 t/ha) have high indicators of stability index (3.97–6.30), genetic flexibility (16.55–20.70), which indicates their greater adaptability to the arid conditions of the region. These sterile lines are recommended to be included in the program of crosses when creating productive F1 hybrids.

scholarly journals Optimization of Ionic Soil Stabilizer Dilution and Understanding the Mechanism in Red Clay Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Xuesong Lu ◽  
Jin Luo ◽  
Meinan Wan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Uniaxial Pressure ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Soil Stabilizer ◽  
Pressure Test ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Potential Test ◽  
Clay Treatment

Due to the insufficient understanding of the mechanism for soil strengthening by using Ionic Soil Stabilizer (ISS), the application of ISS in soil treatment is limited. In this paper, red clay samples were treated by using ISS and the effects were examined by the Atterberg test and uniaxial pressure test. In order to understand the mechanism, ISS dilution-based seepage test and ξ-potential test have been carried out. The results show that the ISS-Water mixture of 1 : 200 was the most effective ratio to reduce the plasticity index. The measurements indicate the thickness of the pair-electricity layer of adjacent clay layers and the repulsion force among soil particles is reduced, which in turn enhances the attraction force of the clay layers. This process strengthens the connection among the soil particles and thus increases the strength of the soil as detected by the experimental tests.

scholarly journals Spheroidal weathering of basalt from Gebel Qatrani, Fayum Depression, Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Essam El-Hinnawi ◽  
S. D. Abayazeed ◽  
A. S. Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Basalt Flow ◽  
The Core ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Weathering Indices ◽  
Geochemical Study ◽  
Basalt Weathering ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Opaque Minerals

Abstract Background Three stages of basalt weathering are known: early or incipient weathering, intermediate weathering and advanced weathering. The Late Oligocene basalt of Gebel Qatrani in Fayum Depression, Egypt, shows signs of early weathering, particularly exhibited in basalt spheroids found at the top of the basalt flow. The present paper gives the results of detailed petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical study of the weathering of these basalt spheroids. Results The core-stones of the basalt spheroids are composed of phenocrystals of plagioclase feldspars and clinopyroxenes set in a groundmass of tiny feldspars and pyroxenes, relatively altered olivine and opaque minerals. The basalt is subalkali (tholeiitic). The outer weathered shells surrounding the core-stones are composed of partly altered feldspars and pyroxenes. The calculated weathering indices show that there is marked weathering trend from the core-stones of the spheroids to the outer shells. The chemical mobility of the elements shows marked depletion of Mg, Ca, Na and K from the core-stones to the outer shells due to the weathering of olivine, pyroxene and feldspars. The trace elements Rb, Sr, Ni, V, Cr and Zn are also depleted. Conclusions The weathering of basalt spheroids from Gebel Qatrani, Fayum Depression, Egypt, is of the incipient type. The degree of weathering from the core-stones of the basalt spheroids to the corresponding weathered shells indicates that the weathering occurred under predominantly semiarid to arid conditions.

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