Extraction and Quantification of Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds, and Vitamins from Halophyte Biomasses

Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants, and they have been utilised as healthy, nutritious vegetables and medicinal herbs. Various studies have shown halophytes to be rich in health-beneficial compounds with antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, and cytotoxic properties. Despite their potential, these plants are still underutilised in agriculture and industrial applications. This review includes the state-of-the-art literature concerning the contents of proanthocyanidins (also known as condensed tannins), total phenolic compounds, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), and vitamins in various halophyte biomasses. Various extraction and analytical methods are also considered. The study shows that various species have exhibited potential for use not only as novel food products but also in the production of nutraceuticals and as ingredients for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

TOXICITY MEDIATED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS MITIGATION STRATEGIES IN CROP PLANTS

Oxidative stress occurs in plant due to various environmental stressors like drought, high temperature, pathogen invasion, heavy metals, pesticides etc. when plant faces these conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the chloroplast, mitochondria, plasma membrane, peroxisomes, ER and cell wall due to the leakage of electrons. Depending upon its concentration the role of ROS is decided if less then it will act as a signaling molecule but if in excess it will damage the cellular machinery of plants as the production of species like free radicals would take place. Though to combat these stress plants have antioxidant defense machinery which include enzymatic and non- enzymatic which lower down the level of ROS. Through genetic engineering more tolerant plants are produced which include modification of key genes like transcription factors. In this review article the molecular physiology of plants is discussed where in the factors contributing to stress including biotic and abiotic factors and various mitigation strategies.

Disclosing the bioactive metabolites involved in the in vitro anthelmintic effects of salt-tolerant plants through a combined approach using PVPP and HPLC-ESI-MSn

Strategies to reduce dependence on synthetic drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infections in ruminants include the search for novel anthelmintic scaffolds on plants, yet salt-tolerant plants remain overlooked. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic properties of selected salt-tolerant plants against GIN, and identify the potential bioactive secondary metabolites involved. For that purpose, 80% acetone/water extracts were prepared from dried biomass of aerial organs of nine salt-tolerant plant species and tested against Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis by the Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay (LEIA) and Egg Hatching Inhibition Assay (EHIA). Pistacia lentiscus, Limoniatrum monopetalum, Cladium mariscus and Helychrisum italicum picardi were the most active in both GIN and life stages. To investigate the role of polyphenols in the anthelmintic activity, four selected extracts were treated with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), and non-treated and treated samples were further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ESI-MSn). While polyphenols seem responsible for the EHIA properties, they are partially accountable to LEIA results. Several phenolics involved in the anthelmintic effects were identified and discussed. In sum, these species are rich sources of anthelmintic compounds and, therefore, are of major interest for nutraceutical and/or phytotherapeutic applications against GIN in ruminants.

Some results of the study of alfalfa and meadow clover samples created by biotechnology methods

The conditions for creating alfalfa samples MN-2 (from the Selena variety) and P-67 (from the Lugovaya variety) with increased resistance to Fusarium pathogens using the method of gamete selection are described. The method is based on the selection of gametes in vivo under the influence of a selective factor (culture filtrate) introduced into the generative organs at the early stages of their development using vacuum infiltration. The method was developed in the biotechnology department of the V.N. V.R. Williams. The accessions are included in the breeding process and are currently the accessory varieties. In order to identify differences at the genetic level between the created varieties and the original forms, a comparative analysis was carried out using 2 types of molecular markers based on the PCR method. DNA polymorphism was detected using SRAP primers, which may indicate a change in the structure of genes associated with economic and biological traits. Research is ongoing. When growing under the conditions of a selection and greenhouse complex of acid-tolerant plants of meadow clover, created using cellular technologies in vitro, the infestation by powdery mildew of 120 acid-tolerant plants was studied. No signs of damage were found in 10% of plants. The largest number of affected plants (36.7%) had a score of 3. It was found that a high infestation with powdery mildew (scores 4 and 5) significantly reduces the number of inflorescences in the bush to 83.4 and 75.7%, respectively. Therefore, in further studies to create a population of acid-tolerant plants, the genotypes of meadow clover were used without signs and with a low score of powdery mildew damage.

Patterns in the Microbial Community of Salt-Tolerant Plants and the Functional Genes Associated with Salt Stress Alleviation

Salinity is an important but little-studied abiotic stressor affecting plant growth. Although several previous reports have examined salt-tolerant plant microbial communities, we still lack a comprehensive understanding about the functional characteristics and genomic information of this population.