scholarly journals Experts forecasts on the demand for energy carriers in motor vehicle transport in Poland up to year 2035

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech GIS ◽  
Jerzy WAŚKIEWICZ ◽  
Maciej MENES
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Energy Carriers ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Expert Forecasts

Presentation of the number of passenger cars, vehicles other than passenger cars with GVM up to 3.5 tons and above 3.5 tons (trucks, buses and special vehicles), registered in Poland as at the end of 2015, with types of energy carriers. Forecasts of transport performance of the vehicle fleet and the forecast of the fleet volume in Poland by year 2035. Expert forecasts of energy carriers con-sumption (petrol, diesel oil, LPG, CNG, electric power, hydrogen) up to year 2035.

scholarly journals Composition of motor vehicle fleet in the Czech Republic and the European Union

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1969-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Břetislav Andrlík
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Current State ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Vehicle Fleet

The contribution studies the composition of motor vehicle fleet in the Czech Republic. The current state of fleet is discussed and the age indicator of the respective categories of the Czech fleet is stressed. Average age of the categories of passenger cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles is identified using the results obtained through the analyses of numerical characteristics of the fleet. The article discusses passenger cars and trucks in more detail because these are the groups representing the largest proportions within the fleet in the Czech Republic. The evaluation of the Czech fleet is followed by the identification of key characteristics of fleets in the EU member states. In conclusion, the need for debate over this topic in the Czech Republic is stressed as well as the necessity of finding ways to decrease the average age of the Czech fleet in the view of negative environmental aspects related to its high average age.

scholarly journals Development of the "Technical Service" Program for Enterprises Working with the GLONASS System and Containing a Large Vehicle Fleet

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Р.Д. Адакин ◽  
И.М. Соцкая
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Technical Service ◽  
Short History ◽  
Service Program ◽  
The Road ◽  
Technical Personnel ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
On The Road

Представлена разработанная программа «Технический сервис», обменивающаяся информацией с базой данных систем ГЛОНАСС/GPS. Данная программа работает по сети и позволяет оповещать технический персонал, занимающийся обслуживанием, ремонтом и выпуском на линию или в рейс автотранспорта, напоминая ему о времени наступления прохождения технического обслуживания (ТО) для каждой единицы техники предприятия. При этом идёт информирование о количестве заменяемых жидкостей, марок и кодов фильтров, с краткой историей о неисправностях и ДТП техники, а также дублированием всей информации с системы ГЛОНАСС: расход топлива, пробег, скорость, марки и госномера техники. Разработанная программа имеет следующие возможности: хранит список техники с государственными номерами, постоянно обновляя данные о пробегах автотранспорта; хранит для каждой единицы техники необходимую информацию для проведения ТО автотранспорта, краткую историю о крупных неисправностях, проведённых капитальных ремонтах и ДТП автотранспорта. Данную информацию можно распечатать или сохранить на компьютер. Вовремя проведённое ТО является основой и залогом безотказной работы автотранспорта, что сказывается на успешном ведении бизнеса. The developed program "Technical Service" is presented, exchanging information with the database of GLONASS/GPS systems. This program works on the network and allows you to notify technical personnel engaged in service, repair and release on the road or on a motor vehicle trip, reminding them of the time of receipt of maintenance operation (MOT) for each unit of the enterprise equipment. At the same time, there is information about the number of liquids, grades and filter codes to be replaced with a short history of equipment malfunctions and accidents of vehicles, as well as duplication of all information from the GLONASS system: fuel consumption, mileage, speed, brands and license plates of vehicles. The developed program has the following capabilities: stores a list of vehicles with license plates, constantly updating data on vehicle mileage, and stores for each unit of equipment the necessary information for maintenance operation of vehicles, a short history of major malfunctions, major repairs and accidents of vehicles. This information can be printed or saved to a computer. Timely maintenance operation is the basis and key to the failure-free operation of vehicles, which affects the successful conduct of business.

Development of a Gas Turbine Generator On-Board Electric Power Source for MAGLEV Trains

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruo Washizu ◽  
Teru Morishita ◽  
Shoji Matsuda ◽  
Nobuo Terauchi
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Maglev Train ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
Superconducting Coils

We have been jointly developing an on-board electric power source for MAGLEV trains by applying a 30kW generator for gas turbine hybrid passenger cars. Operating the generator on a test model apparatus simulating the generator installed in a MAGLEV train, we investigated its electrical and mechanical characteristics with the location close to superconducting coils. The effects of magnetic field on the generator’s characteristics are investigated and described in this paper. MAGLEV trains require about a 50kW on-board power supply per car. At present, we are designing a 50kW gas turbine generator on the basis of the 30kW gas turbine generator.

A Virtual Modelling of a Hybrid Road Tractor for Freight Delivery

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Cicconi ◽  
Daniele Landi ◽  
Michele Germani
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Real ◽  
Hybrid Solutions ◽  
Heavy Truck ◽  
Oil Fuel

The market of the hybrid electric vehicles has been increasing for several years. Different commercial EV and PHEV solutions are available for passenger cars and light vehicles for freight deliveries. However, the market of heavy trucks still regards traditional ICE vehicles powered by diesel oil fuel. The recent interest for electric solutions have been pushing the development of the hybrid solutions, but only micro-hybrid systems are considered feasible for heavy truck applications. The proposed research aims to define a methodological approach with a virtual model in order to simulate the behavior of a hybrid heavy truck. The scope of this research is the feasibility analysis of a retrofit hybrid heavy truck. A real driving cycle has been used in order to obtain reliable results in terms of cost, energy consumption and gas emission. The layout of the hybrid system has been proposed as well as the sizing of battery and electric motor. A commercial tool has been used for the vehicle modelling and simulation. As a test case, an 18-ton truck has been analyzed with a 10-liter diesel engine. Firstly, the simulation of the diesel truck has been reproduced considering the real driving cycle data. Secondly, the simulation activity has been focused on the evaluation of the hybrid system behavior by investigating different battery sizes with the same boundary conditions related to the real driving cycle.

scholarly journals Black carbon, particle number concentration and nitrogen oxide emission factors of random in-use vehicles measured with the on-road chasing method

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (19) ◽  
pp. 11011-11026 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ježek ◽  
T. Katrašnik ◽  
D. Westerdahl ◽  
G. Močnik
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Carbon Particle ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
Black Carbon Particle ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. The chasing method was used in an on-road measurement campaign, and emission factors (EF) of black carbon (BC), particle number (PN) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were determined for 139 individual vehicles of different types encountered on the roads. The aggregated results provide EFs for BC, NOx and PN for three vehicle categories: goods vehicles, gasoline and diesel passenger cars. This is the first on-road measurement study where BC EFs of numerous individual diesel cars were determined in real-world driving conditions. We found good agreement between EFs of goods vehicles determined in this campaign and the results of previous studies that used either chasing or remote-sensing measurement techniques. The composition of the sampled car fleet determined from the national vehicle registry information is reflective of Eurostat statistical data on the Slovenian and European vehicle fleet. The median BC EF of diesel and gasoline cars that were in use for less than 5 years decreased by 60 and 47 % from those in use for 5–10 years, respectively; the median NOx and PN EFs of goods vehicles that were in use for less than 5 years decreased from those in use for 5–10 years by 52 and 67 %, respectively. Surprisingly, we found an increase of BC EFs in the newer goods vehicle fleet compared to the 5–10-year old one. The influence of engine maximum power of the measured EFs showed an increase in NOx EF from least to more powerful vehicles with diesel engines. Finally, a disproportionate contribution of high emitters to the total emissions of the measured fleet was found; the top 25 % of emitting diesel cars contributed 63, 47 and 61 % of BC, NOx and PN emissions respectively. With the combination of relatively simple on-road measurements and sophisticated post processing, individual vehicle EF can be determined and useful information about the fleet emissions can be obtained by exactly representing vehicles which contribute disproportionally to vehicle fleet emissions; and monitor how the numerous emission reduction approaches are reflected in on-road driving conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of Vehicle Fleet Modernization on the Traffic-Originated Air Pollution in an Urban Area—A Case Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Piotr Holnicki ◽  
Zbigniew Nahorski ◽  
Andrzej Kałuszko
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Co Concentrations

The main subject of this paper is an analysis of the influence of changes in the air pollution caused by road traffic, due to its modernization, on the air quality in Warsaw conurbation, Poland. Using the Calpuff model, simulations of the yearly averaged concentrations of NOx, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 were performed, together with an assessment of the population exposure to individual pollutions. Source apportionment analysis indicates that traffic is the main source of NOx and CO concentrations in the city atmosphere. Utilizing the Euro norms emission standards, a scenario of vehicle emission abatement is formulated based on the assumed general vehicle fleet modernization and transition to Euro 6 emission standards. Computer simulations show a reduction in NOx concentrations attributed to emission mitigation of passenger cars, trucks and vans, and public transport buses, respectively. On the other hand, improving air quality in terms of CO concentrations depends almost exclusively on gasoline vehicle modernization. The implementation of the considered scenario causes an adequate reduction in the population exposure and related health effects. In particular, implementation of the scenario discussed results in a 47% reduction (compared with the baseline value) in the attributable yearly deaths related to NOx pollution. In spite of a substantial contribution of vehicle traffic to the overall PM pollution, modernization of the fuel combustion causes only minor final effects because the dominant share of PM pollution in Warsaw originates from the municipal sector and the transboundary inflow.

ANALYSIS OF THE STUDIES RESULTS OF EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS BY USED CARS IMPORTED INTO UKRAINE FROM THE USA

2019 ◽  
pp. 2-11
Author(s):  
Oleksiy Klymenko ◽  
Viktor Ustymenko ◽  
Konstantin Kolobov ◽  
Sergey Rychok ◽  
Mykolay Gora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Specific Emissions ◽  
Used Cars ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles

It`s given an analysis of the distribution of wheeled vehicles regarding values of mass specific emissions of pollutants obtained from the results of tests in the European driving cycle (NEDC) the group of 1109 used (second-hand) vehicles of category M1 of various brands (equipped with gasoline engines, which at the time of production were in accordance with federal environmental requirements of the USA), and imported into Ukraine from North America. The analysis included in particular distribution of pollutants specific mass emission vs. total mileage of 3 main vehicle`s brands of tested group consisted mainly of VW, Mazda and Ford. It`s also included statistical frequency distribution of whole tested group and for aforementioned brands individually in comparison with EU (“Euro-5”) and US (T2B5) emission limits, used for type approval and as OBD thresholds, including Ukrainian limits used for second-hand vehicles that does not approved in accordance to EU legislation or within the 1958 Agreement concerning the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of Approval for Motor Vehicle Equipment and Parts. The analysis gives opportunity of comparison of established in tested group of one of the key European, Japan and US manufacturers of passenger vehicles regarding its emission values distribution based on NEDC test procedure results. It`s given the rationale for amending the current procedure for assessing conformity of this category of vehicles (“Approval of the design of vehicles, their parts and equipment”, approved by order of the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine No. 521 dated 17/08/2012), taking into account cancellation at the end of 2018 (according to the Law of Ukraine No. 2612-VIII dated 11/08/2018) of "Euro-5" standards as the minimum requirements for the first registration in Ukraine of used (second-hand) vehicles of heading 8703 of the Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity. Keywords: wheeled vehicles, passenger cars, emission of pollutants, regulation, setting of norms, certification, import of vehicles from the USA.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Reduction of Pollutant Emissions by the Vehicle Fleet of the City of Reggio Calabria Due to the Introduction of Ecological Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2877
Author(s):  
Concettina Marino ◽  
Cosimo Monterosso ◽  
Antonino Nucara ◽  
Maria Francesca Panzera ◽  
Matilde Pietrafesa
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
Total Replacement ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The City

Nowadays, the effects of pollution at a global scale are mainly due to the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2 in particular), especially generated by thermoelectrical plants, as well as the transport, industrial, and civil sectors. Moreover, local pollution effects are generated by several pollutants, such as CO, NOx, SOx, VOC, and PM, produced during combustion in transports or building thermal plants. Because of the increasing demand for mobility at an urban scale, pollution caused by transportation plays a significant role. To reduce its environmental impact, a partial or total replacement of old and polluting vehicles with more ecological ones must be urgently implemented. With this aim, in the paper, a detailed analysis of the vehicle fleet of the city of Reggio Calabria (Italy), with reference to passenger cars has been carried out, elaborating four scenarios to reduce their pollutant emissions from 2017 to 2025, both greenhouse gases and local scale ones, through the replacement of old and polluting vehicles with hybrid or electric ones.

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