scholarly journals Friction reducing performance of carbon nanotubes covered pistons in internal combustion engines – engine test results

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Jarosław KAŁUŻNY ◽  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Krzysztof KEMPA ◽  
Bartosz GAPIŃSKI ◽  
Emil WRÓBLEWSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Multilayer Coatings ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Electro Deposition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Industrial Scale Production

This article discusses the posibility of reducing friction losses in internal combustion engines by using carbon nanotubes, pointing out the large potential of this application. Experimental pistons were made of standard aluminum alloy and coated with a layer of nanotube deposits by spraying them with an aqueous solution containing the binder. The proposed technology of applying layers of nanotubes can be adopted in industrial-scale production. Engine tests were carried out showing a significant reduction of the engine motoring torque, up to 16% for the experimental pistons, thus confirming the favorable tribological properties of nanotubes observed in tribological research and reported by many authors. Supplementary tests were carried out: SEM, EDS, coordinate measuring technique, and x-ray tomography. An alternative technology for hierarchical nanotube multilayer coatings electro-deposition was proposed.

Comparison Between the Steady Performance of Double-Entry and Twin-Entry Turbocharger Turbines

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Romagnoli ◽  
Colin Copeland ◽  
Ricardo Martinez-Botas ◽  
Srithar Rajoo ◽  
Martin Seiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Inlet Conditions ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Flow Division ◽  
Four Cylinders

Most boosting systems in internal combustion engines utilize ‘pulse turbocharging’ to maximize the energy extraction by the turbine. An internal combustion engine with more than four cylinders has a significant overlap between the exhaust pulses which, unless isolated, can decrease the overall pulse energy and increase the engine pumping loss. Thus, it is advantageous to isolate a set of cylinders and introduce the exhaust gases into two or more turbine entries separately. There are two main types of multiple entry turbines depending on the method of flow division: the twin-entry and the double-entry turbine. In the twin-entry design, each inlet feeds the entire circumference of the rotor leading edge regardless of inlet conditions. In contrast, the double-entry design introduces the flow from each gas inlet into the rotor leading edge through two distinct sectors of the nozzle. This paper compares the performance of a twin and double-entry mixed flow turbine. The turbines were tested at Imperial College for a range of steady-state flow conditions under equal and unequal admission conditions. The performance of the turbines was then evaluated and compared to one another. Based on experimental data, a method to calculate the mass flow under unequal admission from the full admission maps was also developed and validated against the test results.

scholarly journals The application of carbon nanotubes for reducing the friction losses of internal combustion engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
Jarosław KAŁUŻNY ◽  
Antoni ISKRA ◽  
Michael GIERSIG ◽  
Krzysztof KEMPA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Core ◽  
Intensive Investigation

Carbon nanotubes are a relatively new allotropic variety of carbon and due to a number of very favorable properties – including chemical and mechanical – are now under intensive investigation. Introduction to the main part of the article requires an overview of carbon nanotubes studies conducted by different authors, the results of which can provide important guidelines for possible use of the material in the construction of piston engines. The core of the article is the description of attempts to use carbon nanotubes made by the authors in order to improve the functional properties of various components of internal combustion engines, in particular to reduce losses caused by friction. Therefore, the results from the original study have been presented which indicate that the use of carbon nanotubes as an additive for engine lubricant can contribute to a significant reduction in friction losses. Article concludes with a discussion of the tasks that need to be completed in order to allow for an industrial application of carbon nanotubes.

Material Properties Analysis with Addition of Nanofibres for Air Intake Filtration in Internal Combustion Engines

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 8621-8636
Author(s):  
T. Dziubak
Keyword(s):  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Air Filter ◽  
Filter Materials

The aim of this study is to provide an experimental properties evaluation of a standard filter material (cellulose) and materials with fiber layer addition with small diameters (nanofibers). Filter media, including cellulose, used in the internal combustion engine inlet air filtration are made of high diameter fibres, approx. 15 µm. Significantly higher separation and filtration efficiency performance are obtained for materials with lower fibre diameters (nanofibres), however, at the expense of a significantly higher pressure drop, affecting the engine performance. Filter media manufacturers mainly specify the structure parameters (pore size, air permeability and thickness), without giving any information on the dust filtration performance and rate. The literature includes test results for models of different filter media structures. Filtration process modelling using polydisperse dust with particles of different shape and density and irregular filter media structure is possible using advanced computer techniques, however, the process is complex and requires many simplifications. Test results can be applied directly in the automotive industry. The data can be obtained by experimental tests on filter medium specimens, complete filter elements or air filters which are costly and time-consuming tests, however, those test methods are the most reliable. Conditions and testing methodology for intake air filter materials used in internal combustion engines were developed. Filtration and flow resistance efficiency and accuracy were done depending on test dust mass stopped per unit area. Tested materials filtration efficiency was assessed by a filtration quality factor, which includes experimentally determined efficiency and accuracy as well as flow resistance values. Much higher efficiency and filtration accuracy of dust grains below 5 µm in filtration materials with nanofibers addition compared to standard filtration material (filter paper) were demonstrated. For the same flow resistance values, filter materials with nanofibers addition accumulate smaller dust mass than standard filter paper. Usage of materials with nanofibers addition used in motor vehicles intake air filtration ensures their high efficiency and accuracy. It minimises its components wear, but at the expense of faster flow resistance increase, which shortens filter life and increases filter replacement frequency. Results obtained during the experimental research partly fill the gap when it comes to the basic material properties used in internal combustion engines intake air filter partitions production.

Tribotest of engine piston ring/cylinder liner pairs with different nanoparticles added into engine oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231
Author(s):  
Selman Demirtas ◽  
Hakan Kaleli ◽  
Mahdi Khadem ◽  
Dae-eun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Purpose Wear on internal combustion engines is a loss of material that occurs with the rubbing of the materials in contact with each other and significantly reduces the economic life of the engine. Even the smallest precaution that can be taken to prevent friction and wear in the engines can provide economical savings in very large quantities. Internal combustion engines are widely utilized in modem automobiles. Around 10 per cent of the total fuel energy is dissipated to heat due to mechanical friction, among which 20 per cent is caused by the contact between the cylinder liner and the piston rings. Design/methodology/approach In this study, real piston ring-cylinder specimens were tested with reciprocating tribometer by using five different nanoparticles added to engine oil to investigate their wear and friction behavior. Findings With regard to the experiments, it has been found that the best results were determined by TiO2 and single-walled carbon nanotubes according to boron nitride, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoparticles added to the engine oil, respectively. At the end of the tests, different wear mechanisms have been determined after the surface analyses on the piston ring and cylinder liner surface, and abrasive wear has been observed as the main wear mechanism. Originality/value This paper has an originality with regard to adding different nanoparticles into the commercial engine oil.

scholarly journals The estimation of emissions from internal combustion engines fuelled by bioethanol

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Ecological Effects ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Toxic Emission ◽  
Bioethanol Fuel

The use of bioethanol fuels is one of the most efficient methods of reduction of toxic emission and reduction of engine noxiousness to the environment at the same time. The ecological effects of the bioethanol fuel application fuelling spark ignition engines and self–ignition engines are presented in the paper. The paper presents original, not yet published, test results of the Scania DC9 E02 270 engine.

Comparison Between the Steady Performance of Double-Entry and Twin-Entry Turbocharger Turbines

2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Romagnoli ◽  
Colin D. Copeland ◽  
Ricardo Martinez-Botas ◽  
Martin Seiler ◽  
Srithar Rajoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Inlet Conditions ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Flow Division ◽  
Four Cylinders

Most boosting systems in internal combustion engines utilize “pulse turbocharging” to maximize the energy extraction by the turbine. An internal combustion engine with more than four cylinders has a significant overlap between the exhaust pulses which, unless isolated, can decrease the overall pulse energy and increase the engine pumping loss. Thus, it is advantageous to isolate a set of cylinders and introduce the exhaust gases into two or more turbine entries separately. There are two main types of multiple entry turbines depending on the method of flow division: the twin-entry and the double-entry turbine. In the twin-entry design, each inlet feeds the entire circumference of the rotor leading edge regardless of inlet conditions. In contrast, the double-entry design introduces the flow from each gas inlet into the rotor leading edge through two distinct sectors of the nozzle. This paper compares the performance of a twin and double-entry mixed flow turbine. The turbines were tested at Imperial College for a range of steady-state flow conditions under equal and unequal admission conditions. The performance of the turbines was then evaluated and compared to one another. Based on experimental data, a method to calculate the mass flow under unequal admission from the full admission maps was also developed and validated against the test results.

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