scholarly journals World-wide trends in powertrain system development in light of emissions legislation, fuels, lubricants, and test methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Bielaczyc ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN ◽  
Ameya JOSHI
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Powertrain System ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aftertreatment Systems

Both the light- and heavy-duty sectors of the automotive industry are currently under unprecedented pressure from a wide range of factors, particularly in terms of environmental performance and fuel consumption. Test procedures have undergone massive changes and continue to evolve, meaning that standards are becoming much harder to meet, especially in Europe but also in other continents. Such developments force changes in testing methodology, the development of powertrains themselves and their aftertreatment systems and strategies and calibrations. A range of strategies are available to overcome these difficulties, as explored during the VIII Congress on Combustion Engines organised by the Polish Scientific Society of Combustion Engines (PTNSS) and hosted at Krakow University of Technology, Poland in June 2019. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the VIII PTNSS Congress and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field of LD ad HD IC engines, hybrid powertrains and electric vehicles, engine fuel and oil and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.

scholarly journals Global trends in emissions regulation and reduction (perspectives from the 1st International Exhaust Emissions Symposium)

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Catalyst Systems ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Aftertreatment Systems ◽  
Further Development

BOSMAL recently hosted the First International Exhaust Emissions Symposium, which featured thirteen presentations on the topics of emissions regulation and the influences this legislation exerts on test procedures, emissions reduction efforts and drivetrain technologies. Emissions test methods and facilities will have to alter to reflect the reduced emissions limits to be introduced in the near future. Emissions reduction efforts include further development of catalyst systems and the development of fuels. Biofuels and biofuel blends are key in this area. Advanced lubricants will also play a key role. The potential for synergy between these actors is evident. In addition to aftertreatment systems, drivetrain technologies such as hybrid drive and exhaust gas reformation clearly have the potential for substantial emissions reduction for a wide range of pollutant species. Automotive research is at the heart of each of these areas of development, and will be ongoing in the industry’s continued efforts regarding harmful exhaust emissions.

Industrial Perspective on Reliability of VLSI Devices

1991 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Ghate
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Process Reliability

ABSTRACTThe reliability of silicon integrated circuits (ICs) has improved significantly in the last decade. The complexity of ICs continues to increase. The semiconductor industry is actively working to a) improve the reliability of very large scale (VLSI) ICs, and b) reduce the failure rates to a value closer to 0.1 FIT by the year 2000. This paper summarizes the current status of quality and reliability of ICs. Some of the reliability limiting factors are described. Inadequacy of conventional accelerated test methods to verify the reliability of VLSI devices is highlighted. A challenging VLSI reliability goal with a failure rate approaching 0.1 FIT requires a) an understanding of the root causes of failure mechanisms, b) a translation of the lessons learned into a set of design rules for the circuit designers, c) appropriate materials and process specifications consistent with manufacturing capabilities, and d) in-process reliability test structures and test procedures. A VLSI failure rate goal of 0.1 FIT presents an exciting challenge for the materials scientists.

scholarly journals Trends in automotive emissions, fuels, lubricants, legislation and test methods –a global view, with a focus on the EU & US–Summary of the 5th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES)

2016 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Piotr Bielaczyc ◽  
Joseph Woodburn ◽  
Mateusz Gandyk
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Automotive Emissions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Wide Range

The field of vehicular exhaust emissions is experiencing wide-ranging and rapid changes. Air quality is very high on the political agenda and pressure remains to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector. In addition to limits being increasingly stringent, the list of parameters subject to legal limits are slowly expanding – and, most importantly, these limits must be met under a wide wide range of conditions. A range of strategies are available to overcome these difficulties, which was explored during the 5th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES) hosted at BOSMAL in May 2016. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the 5th IEES and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.

scholarly journals Trends in automotive emissions legislation: impact on LD engine development, fuels, lubricants, and test methods – a global view, with a focus on WLTP and RDE regulations – Summary of the 6th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES)

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Automotive Emissions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Wide Range

Among the drivers influencing vehicular powertrain development, the field of vehicular exhaust emissions is experiencing wide-ranging and rapid changes. New emissions regulations such as Euro 6d and new test methods (RDE and WLTP) are the main challenges for the automotive industry caused by political, socioeconomic and technical factors. Air quality is very high on the political agenda and pressure remains to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector. In addition to limits becoming increasingly stringent, the list of parameters subject to legal limits are slowly expanding – and, most importantly, these limits must be met under a wide range of conditions. A range of strategies are available to overcome these difficulties, which was explored during the 6th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES) hosted at BOSMAL in June 2018. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the 6th IEES and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field of IC engines, hybrid powertrains and electric vehicles and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.

Current Status and Future Perspective for Research on Medicinal Plants with Anticancerous Activity and Minimum Cytotoxic Value

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1227-1243
Author(s):  
Hina Qamar ◽  
Sumbul Rehman ◽  
D.K. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Wide Range

Cancer is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy enhance the survival rate of cancerous patients but they have several acute toxic effects. Therefore, there is a need to search for new anticancer agents having better efficacy and lesser side effects. In this regard, herbal treatment is found to be a safe method for treating and preventing cancer. Here, an attempt has been made to screen some less explored medicinal plants like Ammania baccifera, Asclepias curassavica, Azadarichta indica, Butea monosperma, Croton tiglium, Hedera nepalensis, Jatropha curcas, Momordica charantia, Moringa oleifera, Psidium guajava, etc. having potent anticancer activity with minimum cytotoxic value (IC50 >3μM) and lesser or negligible toxicity. They are rich in active phytochemicals with a wide range of drug targets. In this study, these medicinal plants were evaluated for dose-dependent cytotoxicological studies via in vitro MTT assay and in vivo tumor models along with some more plants which are reported to have IC50 value in the range of 0.019-0.528 mg/ml. The findings indicate that these plants inhibit tumor growth by their antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic molecular targets. They are widely used because of their easy availability, affordable price and having no or sometimes minimal side effects. This review provides a baseline for the discovery of anticancer drugs from medicinal plants having minimum cytotoxic value with minimal side effects and establishment of their analogues for the welfare of mankind.

scholarly journals Current status of vascular access in Japan—from Dialysis Access Symposium 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Mizuya Fukasawa
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Access ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Chronic Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Dialysis Access ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Survival Prognosis ◽  
Access Methods ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range

At the second Dialysis Access Symposium held in Nagoya, Japan, a proposal was made to investigate the differences in vascular access methods used in different countries. In this article, we describe the management of vascular access in Japan. The Japanese population is rapidly aging, and the proportion of elderly patients on dialysis is also increasing. There were 325,000 dialysis patients in Japan at the end of 2015, of whom 65.1% were aged 65 years or above. The number of patients with diabetic nephropathy or nephrosclerosis as the underlying condition is also increasing, whereas the number with chronic glomerulonephritis is steadily decreasing. The Japanese health insurance system enables patients to undergo medical treatment at almost no out-of-pocket cost. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty suffers from a severe device lag compared with other countries, but although there are limitations on permitted devices, the use of those that have been authorized is covered by medical insurance. One important point that is unique to Japan is that vascular access is performed and managed by doctors involved in dialysis across a wide range of disciplines, including nephrologists, surgeons, and urologists. This may be one factor contributing to the good survival prognosis of Japanese dialysis patients.

scholarly journals MOCVD Grown HgCdTe Heterostructures for Medium Wave Infrared Detectors

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Waldemar Gawron ◽  
Jan Sobieski ◽  
Tetiana Manyk ◽  
Małgorzata Kopytko ◽  
Paweł Madejczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Layer ◽  
Infrared Detectors ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Infrared Band ◽  
Donor And Acceptor ◽  
Wide Range

This paper presents the current status of medium-wave infrared (MWIR) detectors at the Military University of Technology’s Institute of Applied Physics and VIGO System S.A. The metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique is a very convenient tool for the deposition of HgCdTe epilayers, with a wide range of compositions, used for uncooled infrared detectors. Good compositional and thickness uniformity was achieved on epilayers grown on 2-in-diameter, low-cost (100) GaAs wafers. Most growth was performed on substrates, which were misoriented from (100) by between 2° and 4° in order to minimize growth defects. The large lattice mismatch between GaAs and HgCdTe required the usage of a CdTe buffer layer. The CdTe (111) B buffer layer growth was enforced by suitable nucleation procedure, based on (100) GaAs substrate annealing in a Te-rich atmosphere prior to the buffer deposition. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) showed that ethyl iodide (EI) and tris(dimethylamino)arsenic (TDMAAs) were stable donor and acceptor dopants, respectively. Fully doped (111) HgCdTe heterostructures were grown in order to investigate the devices’ performance in the 3–5 µm infrared band. The uniqueness of the presented technology manifests in a lack of the necessity of time-consuming and troublesome ex situ annealing.

scholarly journals The AAA+ ATPase p97, a cellular multitool

2017 ◽  
Vol 474 (17) ◽  
pp. 2953-2976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Stach ◽  
Paul S. Freemont
Keyword(s):  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Aaa Atpase ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Proteotoxic Stress ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aaa Atpases ◽  
Substrate Proteins

The AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPase p97 is essential to a wide range of cellular functions, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, membrane fusion, NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation and chromatin-associated processes, which are regulated by ubiquitination. p97 acts downstream from ubiquitin signaling events and utilizes the energy from ATP hydrolysis to extract its substrate proteins from cellular structures or multiprotein complexes. A multitude of p97 cofactors have evolved which are essential to p97 function. Ubiquitin-interacting domains and p97-binding domains combine to form bi-functional cofactors, whose complexes with p97 enable the enzyme to interact with a wide range of ubiquitinated substrates. A set of mutations in p97 have been shown to cause the multisystem proteinopathy inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia. In addition, p97 inhibition has been identified as a promising approach to provoke proteotoxic stress in tumors. In this review, we will describe the cellular processes governed by p97, how the cofactors interact with both p97 and its ubiquitinated substrates, p97 enzymology and the current status in developing p97 inhibitors for cancer therapy.

A Methodology for Assessing Fuel Cell Performance Under a Wide Range of Operational Conditions: Results for Single Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Baratella ◽  
Roberto Bove ◽  
Piero Lunghi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Cell Performance ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Fuel Cell Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The University

Testing the performance of fuel cells is an important key for verifying technology improvements and for demonstrating their potential. However, due to the novelty of this technology, there is not a standardized procedure for testing fuel cell performance. In order to fully investigate fuel cell performance, the behavior must be known under a wide range of operational conditions. Furthermore, in order to compare results coming from different test teams, a set of procedures and parameters to evaluate single cell performance should be defined. The research group of the Fuel Cell Laboratory of the University of Perugia is conducting performance tests on single cells, focusing on defining test procedures to find effective parameters to be used to compare tests performed by different teams. This work demonstrates how the testing parameters developed by the team allow one to perform advanced control on test procedures, to understand test results, and to compare them with tests carried out under different operational conditions. The entire analysis is easily conducted by using a single parameter variation hyperspace approach. The experimental results obtained on single fuel cells are reported.

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