scholarly journals Global trends in emissions regulation and reduction (perspectives from the 1st International Exhaust Emissions Symposium)

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Catalyst Systems ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Aftertreatment Systems ◽  
Further Development

BOSMAL recently hosted the First International Exhaust Emissions Symposium, which featured thirteen presentations on the topics of emissions regulation and the influences this legislation exerts on test procedures, emissions reduction efforts and drivetrain technologies. Emissions test methods and facilities will have to alter to reflect the reduced emissions limits to be introduced in the near future. Emissions reduction efforts include further development of catalyst systems and the development of fuels. Biofuels and biofuel blends are key in this area. Advanced lubricants will also play a key role. The potential for synergy between these actors is evident. In addition to aftertreatment systems, drivetrain technologies such as hybrid drive and exhaust gas reformation clearly have the potential for substantial emissions reduction for a wide range of pollutant species. Automotive research is at the heart of each of these areas of development, and will be ongoing in the industry’s continued efforts regarding harmful exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals World-wide trends in powertrain system development in light of emissions legislation, fuels, lubricants, and test methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Bielaczyc ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN ◽  
Ameya JOSHI
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Powertrain System ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aftertreatment Systems

Both the light- and heavy-duty sectors of the automotive industry are currently under unprecedented pressure from a wide range of factors, particularly in terms of environmental performance and fuel consumption. Test procedures have undergone massive changes and continue to evolve, meaning that standards are becoming much harder to meet, especially in Europe but also in other continents. Such developments force changes in testing methodology, the development of powertrains themselves and their aftertreatment systems and strategies and calibrations. A range of strategies are available to overcome these difficulties, as explored during the VIII Congress on Combustion Engines organised by the Polish Scientific Society of Combustion Engines (PTNSS) and hosted at Krakow University of Technology, Poland in June 2019. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the VIII PTNSS Congress and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field of LD ad HD IC engines, hybrid powertrains and electric vehicles, engine fuel and oil and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.

scholarly journals The design and performance on 200N-class bipropellant rocket engine using decomposed H2O2 and Kerosene

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Yang-Suk LEE ◽  
Jun Hwan JANG
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Rocket Engine ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Liquid Rocket Engine ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Green Propellant ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Liquid Rocket ◽  
Near Future

Mono-propellant thrusters are widely utilized in satellites and space launchers. In many cases, they are using hydrazine as a propellant. However, hydrazine has high toxicity and high risks in using for launch campaign. Recently, low-toxic (green) propellant is being highlighted as a replacement for hydrazine. In this paper, 200N bi-propellant engine using hydrogen peroxide/kerosene was designed/manufactured, and the spray or atomization characteristic and inflation pressure were determined by cold flow test, and combustion and pulse tests in a single cycle same as previous methods were conducted. As uniformly supplying hydrogen peroxide through plate-type orifice to a catalyst bed, the hot gas was created as a reaction with hydrogen and catalyst. And then, it was confirmed that the ignition is possible on the wide range of O/F ratio without additional ignition source. The liquid rocket engine with bi-propellant of hydrogen peroxide/kerosene and design/test methods which developed in this study are expected to be utilized as an essential database for designing of the ignitor/injector of bi-propellant liquid rocket engine using hydrogen peroxide/kerosene with high-thrust/performance in near future.

scholarly journals Voice-Controlled Intelligent Personal Assistants in Health Care: International Delphi Study

10.2196/25312 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. e25312
Author(s):  
Alena Ermolina ◽  
Victor Tiberius
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Personal Health Information ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Personal Assistants ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Further Development

Background Voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants (VIPAs), such as Amazon Echo and Google Home, involve artificial intelligence–powered algorithms designed to simulate humans. Their hands-free interface and growing capabilities have a wide range of applications in health care, covering off-clinic education, health monitoring, and communication. However, conflicting factors, such as patient safety and privacy concerns, make it difficult to foresee the further development of VIPAs in health care. Objective This study aimed to develop a plausible scenario for the further development of VIPAs in health care to support decision making regarding the procurement of VIPAs in health care organizations. Methods We conducted a two-stage Delphi study with an internationally recruited panel consisting of voice assistant experts, medical professionals, and representatives of academia, governmental health authorities, and nonprofit health associations having expertise with voice technology. Twenty projections were formulated and evaluated by the panelists. Descriptive statistics were used to derive the desired scenario. Results The panelists expect VIPAs to be able to provide solid medical advice based on patients’ personal health information and to have human-like conversations. However, in the short term, voice assistants might neither provide frustration-free user experience nor outperform or replace humans in health care. With a high level of consensus, the experts agreed with the potential of VIPAs to support elderly people and be widely used as anamnesis, informational, self-therapy, and communication tools by patients and health care professionals. Although users’ and governments’ privacy concerns are not expected to decrease in the near future, the panelists believe that strict regulations capable of preventing VIPAs from providing medical help services will not be imposed. Conclusions According to the surveyed experts, VIPAs will show notable technological development and gain more user trust in the near future, resulting in widespread application in health care. However, voice assistants are expected to solely support health care professionals in their daily operations and will not be able to outperform or replace medical staff.

scholarly journals Voice-Controlled Intelligent Personal Assistants in Health Care: International Delphi Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Ermolina ◽  
Victor Tiberius
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Personal Health Information ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Personal Assistants ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Further Development

BACKGROUND Voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants (VIPAs), such as Amazon Echo and Google Home, involve artificial intelligence–powered algorithms designed to simulate humans. Their hands-free interface and growing capabilities have a wide range of applications in health care, covering off-clinic education, health monitoring, and communication. However, conflicting factors, such as patient safety and privacy concerns, make it difficult to foresee the further development of VIPAs in health care. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a plausible scenario for the further development of VIPAs in health care to support decision making regarding the procurement of VIPAs in health care organizations. METHODS We conducted a two-stage Delphi study with an internationally recruited panel consisting of voice assistant experts, medical professionals, and representatives of academia, governmental health authorities, and nonprofit health associations having expertise with voice technology. Twenty projections were formulated and evaluated by the panelists. Descriptive statistics were used to derive the desired scenario. RESULTS The panelists expect VIPAs to be able to provide solid medical advice based on patients’ personal health information and to have human-like conversations. However, in the short term, voice assistants might neither provide frustration-free user experience nor outperform or replace humans in health care. With a high level of consensus, the experts agreed with the potential of VIPAs to support elderly people and be widely used as anamnesis, informational, self-therapy, and communication tools by patients and health care professionals. Although users’ and governments’ privacy concerns are not expected to decrease in the near future, the panelists believe that strict regulations capable of preventing VIPAs from providing medical help services will not be imposed. CONCLUSIONS According to the surveyed experts, VIPAs will show notable technological development and gain more user trust in the near future, resulting in widespread application in health care. However, voice assistants are expected to solely support health care professionals in their daily operations and will not be able to outperform or replace medical staff.

scholarly journals Trends in automotive emissions, fuels, lubricants, legislation and test methods –a global view, with a focus on the EU & US–Summary of the 5th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES)

2016 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Piotr Bielaczyc ◽  
Joseph Woodburn ◽  
Mateusz Gandyk
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Automotive Emissions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Wide Range

The field of vehicular exhaust emissions is experiencing wide-ranging and rapid changes. Air quality is very high on the political agenda and pressure remains to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector. In addition to limits being increasingly stringent, the list of parameters subject to legal limits are slowly expanding – and, most importantly, these limits must be met under a wide wide range of conditions. A range of strategies are available to overcome these difficulties, which was explored during the 5th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES) hosted at BOSMAL in May 2016. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the 5th IEES and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Forest Trees to Rapidly Changing Climate

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kijowska-Oberc ◽  
Aleksandra M. Staszak ◽  
Jan Kamiński ◽  
Ewelina Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Tree Development

Climate change leads to global drought-induced stress and increased plant mortality. Tree species living in rapidly changing climate conditions are exposed to danger and must adapt to new climate conditions to survive. Trees respond to changes in the environment in numerous ways. Physiological modulation at the seed stage, germination strategy and further development are influenced by many different factors. We review forest abiotic threats (such as drought and heat), including biochemical responses of plants to stress, and biotic threats (pathogens and insects) related to global warming. We then discus the varied adaptations of tree species to changing climate conditions such as seed resistance to environmental stress, improved by an increase in temperature, affinity to specific fungal symbionts, a wide range of tolerance to abiotic environmental conditions in the offspring of populations occurring in continental climate, and germination strategies closely linked to the ecological niche of the species. The existing studies do not clearly indicate whether tree adaptations are shaped by epigenetics or phenology and do not define the role of phenotypic plasticity in tree development. We have created a juxtaposition of literature that is useful in identifying the factors that play key roles in these processes. We compare scientific evidence that species distribution and survival are possible due to phenotypic plasticity and thermal memory with studies that testify that trees’ phenology depends on phylogenesis, but this issue is still open. It is possible that studies in the near future will bring us closer to understanding the mechanisms through which trees adapt to stressful conditions, especially in the context of epigenetic memory in long-lived organisms, and allow us to minimize the harmful effects of climatic events by predicting tree species’ responses or by developing solutions such as assisted migration to mitigate the consequences of these phenomena.

scholarly journals Trends in automotive emissions legislation: impact on LD engine development, fuels, lubricants, and test methods – a global view, with a focus on WLTP and RDE regulations – Summary of the 6th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES)

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Automotive Emissions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Wide Range

Among the drivers influencing vehicular powertrain development, the field of vehicular exhaust emissions is experiencing wide-ranging and rapid changes. New emissions regulations such as Euro 6d and new test methods (RDE and WLTP) are the main challenges for the automotive industry caused by political, socioeconomic and technical factors. Air quality is very high on the political agenda and pressure remains to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector. In addition to limits becoming increasingly stringent, the list of parameters subject to legal limits are slowly expanding – and, most importantly, these limits must be met under a wide range of conditions. A range of strategies are available to overcome these difficulties, which was explored during the 6th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES) hosted at BOSMAL in June 2018. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the 6th IEES and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field of IC engines, hybrid powertrains and electric vehicles and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.

Application of TEM to Deformation, Wear, and Fracture of Ceramics

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 472-473
Author(s):  
B. J. Hockey
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Brittle Materials ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Corrosive Environments ◽  
Further Development

Ceramics, such as Al2O3 and SiC have numerous current and potential uses in applications where high temperature strength, hardness, and wear resistance are required often in corrosive environments. These materials are, however, highly anisotropic and brittle, so that their mechanical behavior is often unpredictable. The further development of these materials will require a better understanding of the basic mechanisms controlling deformation, wear, and fracture.The purpose of this talk is to describe applications of TEM to the study of the deformation, wear, and fracture of Al2O3. Similar studies are currently being conducted on SiC and the techniques involved should be applicable to a wide range of hard, brittle materials.

The chemistry of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-3-methyl-l-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5- ones as a privileged scaffold in synthesis of heterocycles

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen A.-M. Gomaa ◽  
Huda A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Azacrown Ethers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Privileged Scaffold ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Near Future

Background : The reactivity of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-3-methyl-l-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one DCNP 1 and its derivatives makes it valuable as a building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds like pyrazolo-imidazoles, - thiazoles, spiropyridines, spiropyrroles, spiropyrans and others. As a number of publications have reported on the reactivity of DCNP and its derivatives, we compiled some features of this interesting molecule. Objective: This article aims to review the preparation of DCNP, its reactivity and application in heterocyclic and dyes synthesis. Conclusion: In this review we have provided an overview of recent progress in the chemistry of DCNP and its significance in synthesis of various classes of heterocyclic compounds and dyes. The unique reactivity of DCNP offers unprecedentedly mild reaction conditions for the generation of versatile cynomethylene dyes from a wide range of precursors including amines, α-aminocarboxylic acids, their esters, phenols, malononitriles and azacrown ethers. We anticipate that more innovative transformations involving DCNP will continue to emerge in the near future.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document